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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 20, 2026

Induction of Mesenchymal-Epithelial Transitions in Sarcoma Cells

Induction of Mesenchymal-Epithelial Transitions in Sarcoma Cells

Published on: April 7, 2017

Protons sensitize epithelial cells to mesenchymal transition.

Minli Wang¹, Megumi Hada, Janapriya Saha

¹Division of Space Life Sciences, Universities Space Research Association, Houston, Texas, United States of America.

|July 31, 2012

Summary

Low energy protons, encountered in space and proton radiotherapy, can enhance epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in cells. This process, crucial for tumor invasion, is amplified by protons, especially when combined with TGFβ1 signaling.

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Area of Science:

Cell biology
Radiation oncology
Space medicine

Background:

Proton radiotherapy is increasingly used for deep-seated tumors.
Astronauts are exposed to space radiation, including protons.
The cancer risk associated with proton exposure is not well understood.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the biological effects of low energy protons on epithelial cells.
To determine if protons enhance transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGFβ1)-mediated epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT).
To understand EMT's role in tumor progression, invasion, and metastasis.

Main Methods:

Utilized mink lung epithelial cells (Mv1Lu) and human esophageal epithelial cells (EPC).
Assessed EMT through morphological changes, gene expression (real-time PCR), and protein markers (immunostaining, western blotting).
Investigated the effects of low energy protons (5 MeV) and TGFβ1, using a TGFβR1 inhibitor (SD208).

Main Results:

Low energy protons (0.1 Gy) enhanced TGFβ1-induced EMT in both cell types.
Protons alone induced a mild EMT.
The TGFβR1 inhibitor SD208 effectively blocked TGFβ1/Smad signaling and attenuated EMT.

Conclusions:

Low and high doses of protons can sensitize epithelial cells to EMT.
Proton-enhanced EMT is more prominent with TGFβ1 but also occurs independently.
A model for proton-induced EMT in normal and cancerous tissues is proposed.