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Precipitate Formation and Particle Size Control

Precipitate Formation and Particle Size Control

In precipitation gravimetry, the precipitating agent should react specifically or selectively with the analyte. While a specific reagent reacts with the analyte alone, a selective reagent can react with a limited number of chemical species.
The obtained precipitate should be either a pure substance of known composition or easily converted to one by a simple process, such as ignition or drying. In addition, the precipitate should be insoluble and easily filterable. In general, filterability...

Precipitation and Co-precipitation

Precipitation and Co-precipitation

Precipitation and coprecipitation methods can be used to separate a mixture of ions in a solution. In qualitative inorganic analysis, ions that form sparingly soluble precipitates with the same reagent are separated based on the differences in solubility products. For example, consider the separation of Cu(II) and Fe(II) ions by precipitation as insoluble sulfides. First, copper(II) sulfide is precipitated by the addition of acidic H2S, where the dissociation of H2S is suppressed. Adding H2S...

Colloidal precipitates

Colloidal precipitates

The high insolubility of some precipitates can result in an unfavorable relative supersaturation. This can lead to colloidal particles with a large surface-to-mass ratio, where adsorption is promoted. For instance, in the precipitation of silver chloride, silver ions are adsorbed on the surface of the colloidal particles, forming a primary layer. This layer attracts ions of opposite charge (such as nitrate ions), forming a diffuse secondary layer of adsorbed ions. This electric double layer...

Types of Coprecipitation

Types of Coprecipitation

Coprecipitation is the contamination of a precipitate by otherwise soluble species and occurs via different processes. In colloidal precipitates, coprecipitation occurs via surface adsorption. For instance, barium sulfate has a primary layer of adsorbed barium ions and a secondary layer of nitrate counterions. This results in contamination of the precipitate by barium nitrate.
Sometimes, ions in a crystal lattice can undergo isomorphous replacement by inclusions of similar charge and size. For...

Precipitation Processes

Precipitation Processes

The experimental conditions in a gravimetric analysis should be optimized to maximize the particle size and purity of the obtained precipitate. Ideally, the concentration of the precipitating reagent should be low with effective stirring to maintain low relative supersaturation for the growth of large crystals. In homogeneous precipitation, the precipitant is slowly generated by a chemical reaction in the solution to avoid local reagent excesses. For example, urea decomposes gradually to...

Precipitation Gravimetry

Precipitation Gravimetry

Precipitation gravimetry is based on converting an analyte into a sparingly soluble precipitate, which is separated by filtration and weighed. An ideal precipitate should be pure, insoluble, of known composition, and easily filtered from the reaction mixture.
In determining nickel by gravimetric analysis, a precipitant of ethanolic dimethylglyoxime is added to a hot nickel salt solution. This is quickly followed by the dropwise addition of dilute ammonia solution until precipitation occurs. A...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 19, 2026

Preparation of Nanoparticles for ToF-SIMS and XPS Analysis

Preparation of Nanoparticles for ToF-SIMS and XPS Analysis

Published on: September 13, 2020

Nanoparticles via nanoprecipitation process.

Audrey Minost¹, Jean Delaveau, Marie-Alexandrine Bolzinger

¹Universite de Lyon, F- 69622, Lyon, France; Universite Lyon 1, Villeurbanne, CNRS, UMR 5007, LAGEP, CPE-308G, 43 bd. 11 Nov.1918, F-69622, Villeurbanne, France.

Recent Patents on Drug Delivery & Formulation

|August 1, 2012

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Nanoprecipitation offers a simple method for creating biodegradable nanoparticles for drug delivery and diagnostics. This technique yields high encapsulation efficiencies with low cytotoxicity, enhancing therapeutic applications.

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Flash NanoPrecipitation for the Encapsulation of Hydrophobic and Hydrophilic Compounds in Polymeric Nanoparticles

Flash NanoPrecipitation for the Encapsulation of Hydrophobic and Hydrophilic Compounds in Polymeric Nanoparticles

Published on: January 7, 2019

Formulation of Diblock Polymeric Nanoparticles through Nanoprecipitation Technique

Formulation of Diblock Polymeric Nanoparticles through Nanoprecipitation Technique

Published on: September 20, 2011

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Mar 19, 2026

Preparation of Nanoparticles for ToF-SIMS and XPS Analysis

Preparation of Nanoparticles for ToF-SIMS and XPS Analysis

Published on: September 13, 2020

Flash NanoPrecipitation for the Encapsulation of Hydrophobic and Hydrophilic Compounds in Polymeric Nanoparticles

Flash NanoPrecipitation for the Encapsulation of Hydrophobic and Hydrophilic Compounds in Polymeric Nanoparticles

Published on: January 7, 2019

Formulation of Diblock Polymeric Nanoparticles through Nanoprecipitation Technique

Formulation of Diblock Polymeric Nanoparticles through Nanoprecipitation Technique

Published on: September 20, 2011

Area of Science:

Biomaterials Science
Nanotechnology
Pharmaceutical Sciences

Background:

Encapsulation techniques are crucial for developing nanocarriers for in vivo drug delivery and biomedical diagnostics.
Biodegradable polymers are increasingly utilized in nanocarrier development due to their low cytotoxicity and biocompatibility.
Targeted delivery can be enhanced by chemically grafting nanoparticles with specific antibodies.

Purpose of the Study:

To review various encapsulation approaches for active molecules.
To highlight the nanoprecipitation process for nanoparticle formation.
To discuss patents related to the nanoprecipitation process.

Main Methods:

Nanoparticle formation via self-assembly of polymer chains.
Polymer transfer from a good solvent to a poor solvent environment.
Chemical grafting of nanoparticles with antibodies for targeted delivery.

Main Results:

Nanoprecipitation enables rapid formation of nanoparticles with high encapsulation yields for small molecules.
The use of biodegradable polymers results in low cytotoxicity and high biocompatibility.
Chemically grafted nanoparticles demonstrate enhanced local targeting efficiency.

Conclusions:

Nanoprecipitation is an efficient and versatile method for producing nanocarriers for therapeutic and diagnostic applications.
Biodegradable polymers are key to developing safe and effective nanodelivery systems.
Antibody-grafted nanoparticles show promise for targeted disease treatment.