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Updated: May 20, 2026

A Real-world What-Where-When Memory Test
Published on: May 16, 2017
Measuring recollection and familiarity: Improving the remember/know procedure.
Ellen M Migo1, Andrew R Mayes, Daniela Montaldi
1King's College London, Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, St Thomas's Hospital, London SE1 7EH, UK.
The remember/know (RK) procedure is crucial for studying memory recollection and familiarity. This review addresses its weaknesses and suggests improvements for better understanding recognition memory.
Area of Science:
- Cognitive Psychology
- Neuroscience
- Memory Research
Background:
- The remember/know (RK) procedure is the primary method for assessing recollection and familiarity in recognition memory.
- It offers unique insights into individual memory judgments and the influences of recollection and familiarity.
Purpose of the Study:
- To review the application and limitations of the RK procedure in memory research.
- To propose solutions for methodological weaknesses and potential confounds.
- To enhance the use of the RK procedure in behavioral, lesion, and brain imaging studies.
Main Methods:
- Review of existing literature on the remember/know (RK) procedure.
- Analysis of theoretical disagreements regarding recognition memory components.
- Identification of procedural weaknesses and confounds, such as the relationship between recollection, familiarity, and memory strength.
Main Results:
- The RK procedure is widely used but has procedural weaknesses.
- A potential confound exists between recollection/familiarity and recognition memory strength.
- Modified versions of the RK procedure can mitigate these issues.
Conclusions:
- Addressing the weaknesses of the RK procedure is vital for accurate memory research.
- Recommendations are provided to improve behavioral, lesion, and neuroimaging studies.
- Optimizing the RK procedure will advance our understanding of recognition memory's neural basis.
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