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Related Concept Videos

Necrosis01:16

Necrosis

Necrosis is considered as an “accidental” or unexpected form of cell death that ends in cell lysis. The first noticeable mention of “necrosis” was in 1859 when Rudolf Virchow used this term to describe advanced tissue breakdown in his compilation titled “Cell Pathology”.
Morphological Manifestations of Necrosis
Necrotic cells show different types of morphological appearance depending on the type of tissue and infection. In coagulative necrosis, cells become anucleated and die, but their...
Autophagic Cell Death01:18

Autophagic Cell Death

Christian de Duve discovered “autophagy,” a process in which cellular components are engulfed by membrane-bound organelles called autophagosomes. The autophagosomes then fuse with lysosomes to digest the enclosed contents. Autophagy is generally activated in cells to prevent cell death. However, cell death is triggered when the damage is beyond repair.
Autophagy and Apoptosis
Autophagy can activate apoptosis. In normal conditions, the autophagy activating protein Beclin-1 and pro-apoptotic...
Overview of Cell Death01:30

Overview of Cell Death

Cell death is an essential process where the body gets rid of old or damaged cells. Cell proliferation and death need to be balanced, as an imbalance between the two may lead to cancer or autoimmune diseases.
Cell death was observed in the early 19th century, but there was no experimental evidence to prove it. In 1842, Carl Vogt first discovered cell death in a metamorphic toad; however, it was not termed ‘cell death.’ Scientists discovered different cell death pathways only in the 20th century...
The Extrinsic Apoptotic Pathway01:17

The Extrinsic Apoptotic Pathway

The extrinsic apoptotic pathway is initiated when extracellular death-inducing signals, such as specific cytokines, activate the death receptors expressed on the cell surface. The immune cells involved in this pathway are natural killer cells (NK cells) and cytotoxic T-lymphocytes. NK cells are critical in innate immune response, while cytotoxic T-lymphocytes are associated with adaptive immune response. These cells recognize specific receptors expressed on the altered cells and activate...
The Availability Heuristic01:08

The Availability Heuristic

A heuristic is a general problem-solving framework (Tversky & Kahneman, 1974). You can think of these as mental shortcuts that are used to solve problems. Different types of heuristics are used in different types of situations, and the impulse to use a heuristic occurs when one of five conditions is met (Pratkanis, 1989):
Ethical Issues01:27

Ethical Issues

Nurses are essential in patient care, upholding the ethical principles of their profession and effectively navigating ethical dilemmas. Neglecting ethical issues can lead to inadequate patient care, compromised therapeutic relationships, and moral distress among healthcare workers.
Ethical Concerns in Healthcare:

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 20, 2026

DNA Extraction and Comparison Between Old and Fresh Necrophilic Fly Samples
06:33

DNA Extraction and Comparison Between Old and Fresh Necrophilic Fly Samples

Published on: May 3, 2024

Exhumation - Nuisance to the dead, justified?

Farhat Hussain Mirza1, Syeda Ezz-e-Rukhshan Adil, Akhtar Amin Memon

  • 1Dow Medical College, Karachi, Pakistan. captdrmirza@hotmail.com

Journal of Forensic and Legal Medicine
|August 1, 2012
PubMed
Summary

Forensic exhumations in Karachi helped determine the cause of death in 74.3% of cases, with head injuries and strangulation being most common. This process aids legal proceedings and provides closure for families.

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Scanning Skeletal Remains for Bone Mineral Density in Forensic Contexts
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Published on: January 29, 2018

Area of Science:

  • Forensic Pathology
  • Legal Medicine

Background:

  • Exhumation is crucial in forensic investigations for determining cause of death.
  • Legal excavation of bodies aids law enforcement in suspicious cases and homicides.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To analyze aspects of exhumations and autopsies conducted in Karachi.
  • To assess the effectiveness of exhumations in forensic investigations.

Main Methods:

  • Cross-sectional study.
  • Inclusion of all exhumations performed in Karachi over 7 years and 7 months (Jan 2004 - Jul 2011).

Main Results:

  • 101 exhumations were conducted (62.4% males, 37.6% females).
  • Cause of death was determined in 75 cases (74.3% success rate).
  • Most frequent causes: head injury (17.8%) and asphyxia due to strangulation (15.8%).

Conclusions:

  • Judicial orders for exhumation are vital in suspicious cases for determining cause of death and securing convictions.
  • Exhumations offer satisfaction to families and resolve doubts.
  • Urban cases receive significant attention from determined relatives seeking answers post-burial.