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Mitral Regurgitation I: Introduction

Mitral Regurgitation I: Introduction

Mitral regurgitation is characterized by the backward circulation of blood from the left ventricle to the left atrium during systole, a phase of the cardiac cycle when the heart contracts and pumps blood out of the chambers. This abnormal flow occurs primarily due to the dysfunction of the mitral valve or its supporting structures, which include the mitral leaflets, chordae tendineae, annulus, and papillary muscles.Etiology and Mechanisms:Primary Mitral Regurgitation: This type arises from...

Mitral Stenosis I: Introduction

Mitral Stenosis I: Introduction

Mitral Valve Stenosis (MVS) is a heart condition where the mitral valve narrows, impeding blood circulation from the left atrium to the left ventricle. The etiology and pathophysiology of this condition are multifaceted, leading to a cascade of cardiovascular complications.Causes of Mitral Valve StenosisRheumatic Heart Disease: It is the main cause of mitral valve stenosis, particularly in developing nations. This condition arises from rheumatic fever, an inflammatory illness resulting from...

Mitral Stenosis II: Clinical features and Diagnostic Tests

Mitral Stenosis II: Clinical features and Diagnostic Tests

Mitral stenosis is a heart condition in which the mitral valve, which allows blood to flow from the left atrium to the left ventricle, becomes narrowed or stenotic. This narrowing hinders blood flow and leads to clinical symptoms requiring specific medical evaluations and management strategies. The following overview outlines the clinical symptoms, assessments, diagnostic findings, prevention methods, and treatments for mitral stenosis.Clinical ManifestationsDyspnea (shortness of breath): This...

Mitral Valve Prolapse I: Introduction

Mitral Valve Prolapse I: Introduction

IntroductionThe mitral valve, one of the heart's four valves, regulates blood flow. These valves have flaps that open and close to direct blood properly through the heart and body. During each heartbeat, the flaps open for blood to pass through and seal shut to prevent backflow. Specifically, the mitral valve opens to allow blood flow from the heart's upper left chamber to the lower left chamber. It then closes securely as the lower left chamber contracts to pump blood to the body, preventing...

Mitral Regurgitation II: Clinical Features and Diagnostic Tests

Mitral Regurgitation II: Clinical Features and Diagnostic Tests

Mitral regurgitation (MR) is a valvular heart disorder in which the mitral valve fails to close tightly, allowing blood to leak backward into the heart. Understanding the clinical manifestations, assessment, diagnostic findings, and medical management of MR is crucial to effectively managing affected patients.Clinical Manifestations of Mitral RegurgitationMitral regurgitation can be acute or chronic, each presenting differently and requiring different approaches:1. Acute Mitral...

Mitral Valve Prolapse II: Assessment and Management

Mitral Valve Prolapse II: Assessment and Management

IntroductionA range of clinical features characterizes Mitral Valve Prolapse (MVP), but it is important to note that many individuals with MVP are asymptomatic and may remain so throughout their lives. For those who do exhibit symptoms, the following are the key clinical features:Palpitations: This is a common symptom where individuals feel an irregular or rapid heartbeat. Palpitations in MVP are often due to arrhythmias such as premature ventricular contractions or supraventricular tachycardia.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 20, 2026

High-frequency High-resolution Echocardiography: First Evidence on Non-invasive Repeated Measure of Myocardial Strain, Contractility, and Mitral Regurgitation in the Ischemia-reperfused Murine Heart

High-frequency High-resolution Echocardiography: First Evidence on Non-invasive Repeated Measure of Myocardial Strain, Contractility, and Mitral Regurgitation in the Ischemia-reperfused Murine Heart

Published on: July 9, 2010

Global longitudinal strain predicts left ventricular dysfunction after mitral valve repair.

Tomasz G Witkowski¹, James D Thomas, Philippe J M R Debonnaire

¹Department of Cardiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands.

European Heart Journal. Cardiovascular Imaging

|August 1, 2012

Summary

Left ventricular global longitudinal strain (GLS) can predict long-term heart dysfunction after mitral valve repair (MVr). A GLS greater than -19.9% is a key indicator of potential future LV dysfunction in patients undergoing MVr.

More Related Videos

A Simplified Stepwise Approach to Echo Guidance during Percutaneous Mitral Valve Repair

A Simplified Stepwise Approach to Echo Guidance during Percutaneous Mitral Valve Repair

Published on: October 16, 2021

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 20, 2026

High-frequency High-resolution Echocardiography: First Evidence on Non-invasive Repeated Measure of Myocardial Strain, Contractility, and Mitral Regurgitation in the Ischemia-reperfused Murine Heart

High-frequency High-resolution Echocardiography: First Evidence on Non-invasive Repeated Measure of Myocardial Strain, Contractility, and Mitral Regurgitation in the Ischemia-reperfused Murine Heart

Published on: July 9, 2010

A Simplified Stepwise Approach to Echo Guidance during Percutaneous Mitral Valve Repair

A Simplified Stepwise Approach to Echo Guidance during Percutaneous Mitral Valve Repair

Published on: October 16, 2021

Area of Science:

Cardiology
Echocardiography
Cardiac Surgery

Background:

Postoperative left ventricular (LV) dysfunction can occur after mitral valve repair (MVr) despite successful surgery.
Early detection of subclinical LV dysfunction is crucial for optimizing patient outcomes.
LV global longitudinal strain (GLS) is a novel echocardiographic measure for assessing latent LV dysfunction.

Purpose of the Study:

To evaluate the predictive value of GLS for long-term LV dysfunction following MVr.
To identify novel markers for subclinical LV dysfunction in patients with organic mitral regurgitation (MR).

Main Methods:

A cohort of 233 patients with moderate-severe organic MR undergoing MVr between 2000-2009 was analyzed.
Baseline and long-term follow-up echocardiography (34 ± 20 months) were performed.
LV dysfunction was defined as LV ejection fraction (EF) <50% at follow-up.

Main Results:

Long-term LV dysfunction was observed in 12% of patients.
A GLS cutoff of -19.9% demonstrated 90% sensitivity and 79% specificity for predicting LV dysfunction.
Multivariate analysis identified GLS >-19.9% and LV end-systolic diameter (ESD) as independent predictors of LV dysfunction.

Conclusions:

Mitral valve repair (MVr) is associated with a low incidence of long-term LV dysfunction.
Preoperative GLS is a significant independent predictor of long-term LV dysfunction after MVr.
GLS offers valuable prognostic information beyond current guideline-based parameters.