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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 20, 2026

Dissociation of the Confounding Influences of Expectancy and Integrative Difficulty Residing in Anomalous Sentences in Event-related Potential Studies

Dissociation of the Confounding Influences of Expectancy and Integrative Difficulty Residing in Anomalous Sentences in Event-related Potential Studies

Published on: May 9, 2019

The FN400 is functionally distinct from the N400.

Emma K Bridger¹, Regine Bader, Olga Kriukova

¹Experimental Neuropsychology Unit, Department of Psychology, Saarland University, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany. e.bridger@mx.uni-saarland.de

|August 2, 2012

Summary

The FN400, a neural marker for familiarity, is distinct from the N400 semantic priming effect. This study demonstrates their functional differences using a novel experimental design, supporting dual-process models of memory.

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Dissociation of the Confounding Influences of Expectancy and Integrative Difficulty Residing in Anomalous Sentences in Event-related Potential Studies

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fMRI Validation of fNIRS Measurements During a Naturalistic Task

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Published on: June 15, 2015

Area of Science:

Cognitive Neuroscience
Psychology
Neuroscience

Background:

The FN400 is considered a neural marker for familiarity-based recognition.
Dual-process models of memory suggest distinct neural mechanisms for familiarity and recollection.
Recent claims challenge the functional distinctiveness of the FN400 from the N400 semantic priming effect.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate whether the FN400 (familiarity) is functionally distinct from the N400 (semantic priming).
To address criticisms regarding the confounding of semantic and recognition processes in previous research.
To provide compelling evidence for or against the distinctiveness of FN400 and N400 effects.

Main Methods:

Electrophysiological recordings (ERPs) were used.
A paradigm was designed to avoid confounding semantic priming and recognition.
Semantic priming served as the encoding phase for a surprise recognition test.

Main Results:

The N400 effect showed a centro-parietal maximum during semantic priming.
The FN400 effect in the recognition test showed a frontal maximum.
Direct comparison in an unconfounded paradigm revealed the FN400 as qualitatively distinct from the N400.

Conclusions:

The FN400 reflects a distinct neural process from the N400.
The FN400 is a valid electrophysiological marker for familiarity-based recognition.
This finding supports the distinction between familiarity and semantic processing in memory and cognition.