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Related Concept Videos

Peptidoglycan Synthesis01:28

Peptidoglycan Synthesis

Structure of PeptidoglycanPeptidoglycan is a vital structural component of the bacterial cell wall, providing mechanical strength and shape to the cell. It consists of repeating units of two sugars—N-acetylglucosamine (NAG) and N-acetylmuramic acid (NAM)—linked by β-1,4 glycosidic bonds. These sugar chains are cross-linked by short peptide chains, forming a mesh-like polymer that surrounds the bacterial plasma membrane.Cytoplasmic Phase – Precursor SynthesisPeptidoglycan biosynthesis begins in...
Peptide Bonds02:43

Peptide Bonds

A peptide bond covalently attaches amino acids through a dehydration reaction. One amino acid's carboxyl group and another amino acid's amino group combine, releasing a water molecule. The resulting bond is the peptide bond. The products that such linkages form are peptides. As more amino acids join this growing chain, the resulting chain is a polypeptide. Each polypeptide has a free amino group at one end. This end has the N-terminal, or the amino-terminal, and the other end has a free...
Peptide Identification Using Tandem Mass Spectrometry01:33

Peptide Identification Using Tandem Mass Spectrometry

Tandem mass spectrometry, also known as MS/MS or MS2, is an analytical technique that employs two mass analyzers. Essentially it is a series of mass spectrometers that helps isolate a particular biomolecule and then helps study its chemical properties.
This technique helps gather information regarding the protein from which the peptide was obtained and to study the peptides’ amino acid sequence. Identifying peptides from a complex mixture is an important component of the growing field of...
Amino Acid Biosynthetic Pathways01:29

Amino Acid Biosynthetic Pathways

Amino acid biosynthesis is essential for cell growth, protein synthesis, and metabolic regulation. Cells generate essential and non-essential amino acids from metabolic intermediates to sustain vital biological functions. These intermediates originate from key metabolic pathways: glycolysis, the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, and the pentose phosphate pathway. Important precursors include α-ketoglutarate, pyruvate, oxaloacetate, phosphoenolpyruvate, and erythrose-4-phosphate, which provide...
Preparation of Amides01:29

Preparation of Amides

Amides are synthesized by treating carboxylic acids with amines in the presence of dehydrating agents like dicyclohexylcarbodiimide (DCC).
The DCC-promoted synthesis of amides begins with the protonation of DCC by carboxylic acid. The protonation makes it a better acceptor. Next, the addition of carboxylate to the protonated carbodiimide gives a reactive acylating agent.
Subsequently, the amine acts as a nucleophile that attacks the acylating agent to form a tetrahedral intermediate. In the...
Preparation of 1° Amines: Azide Synthesis01:22

Preparation of 1° Amines: Azide Synthesis

Direct alkylation of ammonia produces polyalkylated amines, along with a quaternary ammonium salt. To exclusively prepare primary amines, the azide synthesis method can be used.
Azide ions act as good nucleophiles and react with unhindered alkyl halides to form alkyl azides. Alkyl azides do not participate in further nucleophilic substitution reactions, thereby eliminating the chances of polyalkylated products. Alkyl azides are reduced by hydride-based reducing agents, like lithium aluminum...

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Updated: May 20, 2026

Constructing Cyclic Peptides Using an On-Tether Sulfonium Center
07:11

Constructing Cyclic Peptides Using an On-Tether Sulfonium Center

Published on: September 28, 2022

Introduction to peptide synthesis.

Maciej Stawikowski1, Gregg B Fields1

  • 1Torrey Pines Institute for Molecular Studies, Port St. Lucie, Florida.

Current Protocols in Protein Science
|August 2, 2012
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Synthetic peptides and proteins are vital in pharmaceuticals and commerce. This overview covers key aspects of their synthesis, including solid supports, reagents, and managing side reactions for modified residues.

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Area of Science:

  • Biochemistry
  • Organic Chemistry
  • Pharmaceutical Science

Background:

  • Synthetic peptides are crucial in medicine and industry, with examples like aspartame and hormones (oxytocin, adrenocorticotropic hormone, calcitonin).
  • The field encompasses the creation of peptide and protein molecules through chemical synthesis.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide a comprehensive overview of synthetic peptide and protein production.
  • To guide researchers in selecting appropriate solid supports and coupling reagents.
  • To detail common challenges and solutions in peptide synthesis, including side reactions and modified residues.

Main Methods:

  • Discussion of solid-phase peptide synthesis (SPPS) principles.
  • Overview of common coupling reagents used in peptide bond formation.
  • Analysis of potential side reactions during synthesis and strategies for mitigation.

Main Results:

  • Identification of key factors for successful solid-phase peptide synthesis.
  • Understanding of reagent selection impact on yield and purity.
  • Strategies for synthesizing peptides with non-standard amino acids and modifications.

Conclusions:

  • Effective synthetic peptide production relies on careful selection of materials and methods.
  • Managing side reactions is critical for obtaining high-quality synthetic peptides.
  • The field continues to advance, enabling diverse pharmaceutical and commercial applications.