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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 20, 2026

Visualization of Endoplasmic Reticulum Subdomains in Cultured Cells

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Published on: February 18, 2014

Red fluorescent proteins: advanced imaging applications and future design.

Daria M Shcherbakova¹, Oksana M Subach, Vladislav V Verkhusha

¹Department of Anatomy and Structural Biology and Gruss-Lipper Biophotonics Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, NY 10461, USA.

Angewandte Chemie (International Ed. in English)

|August 2, 2012

Summary

Advanced red-shifted fluorescent proteins (RFPs) offer new ways to study biological processes. This review details RFP properties, applications in various imaging techniques, and future possibilities for enhanced biological research.

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Simultaneous Multicolor Imaging of Biological Structures with Fluorescence Photoactivation Localization Microscopy

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Area of Science:

Biochemistry
Molecular Biology
Biophysics

Background:

Development of advanced red-shifted fluorescent proteins (RFPs) has expanded biological research capabilities.
Enhanced RFPs enable studies from single molecules to whole organisms.

Purpose of the Study:

To describe the relationship between RFP properties and their applications in diverse imaging techniques.
To review existing and emerging imaging approaches utilizing various RFP phenotypes.

Main Methods:

Discussion of conventional RFPs, far-red FPs, large Stokes shift RFPs, fluorescent timers, and photoactivatable/photoswitchable RFPs.
Analysis of advantages and limitations of specific RFPs for different imaging techniques.

Main Results:

Comprehensive overview of RFP types and their suitability for various imaging modalities.
Identification of specific strengths and weaknesses of different RFPs in experimental contexts.

Conclusions:

Understanding RFP chromophore chemistry informs future development of novel RFP phenotypes.
Emerging RFP technologies promise expanded applications in advanced biological imaging and research.