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Related Concept Videos

The ABO Blood Group01:12

The ABO Blood Group

The ABO blood group system is a critical element of transfusion medicine, essential for determining blood compatibility in transfusions and organ transplants. It is based on specific antigens, or agglutinogens, present on the surface of red blood cells (RBCs) and corresponding antibodies, or agglutinins, in the blood plasma.
Antigens in the ABO Blood Group System
Antigens are substances that can trigger an immune response, leading to the production of antibodies. In the ABO blood group system,...
Blood Types02:20

Blood Types

Human blood is classified into different types based on the presence of antigens on the red blood cell's surface and antibodies in the plasma. Proper identification of blood type is essential for successful blood transfusion. The International Society of Blood Transfusion has identified 38 human blood types based on the surface antigens on the red blood cells. The most common types are ABO, Rh, and MNS blood types.
ABO blood group
ABO antigens are glycoproteins encoded by genes present on...
Blood Typing01:10

Blood Typing

Understanding an individual's blood group is a critical component of transfusion medicine. It ensures compatibility in blood transfusions, organ transplants, and even during pregnancy. Determining these blood groups involves the ABO and Rh blood typing systems, utilizing specific antigens and corresponding anti-sera to identify an individual's blood type.
Antigens are protein molecules that reside on the surface of red blood cells (RBCs). The ABO and Rh blood typing systems target antigens A,...
Blood Transfusion01:15

Blood Transfusion

Blood transfusion is a critical medical procedure that saves lives and treats various medical conditions. It involves transferring blood from a donor to a recipient. This process requires a thorough understanding of the ABO blood group system and its associated antigens and antibodies.
Blood Transfusion Overview
A blood transfusion is a medical procedure used to replace blood lost due to injury, surgery, or to treat conditions such as anemia or cancer. During a transfusion, donor blood is...
Blood Transfusion and Agglutination02:45

Blood Transfusion and Agglutination

Blood transfusion is a therapeutic measure to restore the blood volume after extensive blood loss due to an accident or a medical procedure. Blood transfusion involves drawing a certain amount of blood from a suitable donor and infusing it into the recipient.
History
The history of blood transfusion dates back to the 17th century, when early attempts were made in animals. In 1818 James Blundell, a British doctor, performed the first successful human blood transfusion. Later in 1900, Karl...
Pedigree Analysis01:35

Pedigree Analysis

Overview

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 20, 2026

Microsatellite DNA Genotyping and Flow Cytometry Ploidy Analyses of Formalin-fixed Paraffin-embedded Hydatidiform Molar Tissues
11:54

Microsatellite DNA Genotyping and Flow Cytometry Ploidy Analyses of Formalin-fixed Paraffin-embedded Hydatidiform Molar Tissues

Published on: October 20, 2019

Blood Group ABO Genotyping in Paternity Testing.

Peter Bugert1, Gabriele Rink, Katharina Kemp

  • 1Institute of Transfusion Medicine and Immunology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University; German Red Cross Blood Service Baden-Württemberg - Hessen, Mannheim, Germany.

Transfusion Medicine and Hemotherapy : Offizielles Organ Der Deutschen Gesellschaft Fur Transfusionsmedizin Und Immunhamatologie
|August 2, 2012
PubMed
Summary

ABO genotyping offers superior accuracy in paternity testing compared to phenotyping, providing higher paternity likelihood and exclusion power. While valuable, ABO genotyping alone is insufficient for definitive paternity testing, suggesting combined SNP analysis for future genetic identity testing.

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Area of Science:

  • Forensic Genetics
  • Human Genetics
  • Molecular Biology

Background:

  • ABO blood groups are determined by DNA variations in the ABO gene.
  • Key variants include SNPs and indels, with four diallelic markers defining major ABO alleles.
  • Understanding these genetic markers is crucial for accurate blood group determination.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the effectiveness of ABO genotyping versus phenotyping in paternity testing.
  • To compare statistical parameters like paternity likelihood (PL) and power of exclusion (PE) between the two methods.
  • To assess the utility of ABO genotyping as a standalone or supplementary tool in forensic genetics.

Main Methods:

  • Determined major ABO alleles using PCR amplification with sequence-specific primers (PCR-SSP) in 1,335 blood donors.
  • Compared ABO genotypes with registered ABO blood groups for genotype-phenotype correlation.
  • Analyzed ABO phenotypes and genotypes in 95 paternity trios, comparing PL and PE with 12 STR markers.

Main Results:

  • Achieved a high genotype-phenotype correlation (99.7%) using four diallelic markers.
  • ABO genotyping demonstrated significantly higher PL and PE than ABO phenotyping in paternity trios.
  • ABO genotyping excluded alleged fathers in 34.3% of cases, compared to 20% for phenotyping.

Conclusions:

  • ABO genotyping is superior to phenotyping for paternity testing due to enhanced PL and PE.
  • ABO genotyping alone is not sufficient for conclusive paternity testing.
  • Future kinship and genetic identity testing could benefit from incorporating blood group SNPs alongside anonymous SNPs due to lower mutation rates.