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Related Concept Videos

The Micturition Reflex01:26

The Micturition Reflex

Urination, or micturition involves the coordination of the bladder's detrusor muscle and two sphincters to ensure controlled bladder emptying.
The process begins with bladder filling, where the bladder wall stretches as urine accumulates. This stretching activates the urine storage reflex, mediated by the sacral spinal segments and the pontine storage center. Efferent sympathetic impulses stimulate the detrusor muscle to relax and the internal urethral sphincter to contract, facilitating urine...
Urinary Bladder01:23

Urinary Bladder

The urinary bladder is a hollow, muscular sac that temporarily stores urine before it is expelled from the body. It can hold approximately 600 mL of urine prior to micturition. The bladder is retroperitoneal and located behind the pubic symphysis in the pelvic floor.
In males, the bladder is situated in front of the rectum, while in females, it is positioned anterior to the vagina and uterus. The bladder floor contains an inverted triangular area called the trigone, defined by the two ureteric...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 19, 2026

Detrusor Underactivity Model in Rats by Conus Medullaris Transection
03:26

Detrusor Underactivity Model in Rats by Conus Medullaris Transection

Published on: August 28, 2020

Sacral neuromodulation and refractory overactive bladder: an emerging tool for an old problem.

Mai Ahmed Banakhar1, Tariq Al-Shaiji, Magdy Hassouna

  • 1Department of Urology, King Abdulaziz University Hospital, P.O. Box 80215, Jeddah, 21589 Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.

Therapeutic Advances in Urology
|August 2, 2012
PubMed
Summary

For overactive bladder (OAB) refractory to conservative treatments, sacral neuromodulation (SNM) and botulinum toxin injections offer effective, minimally invasive alternatives. This review updates evidence on SNM

Keywords:
overactive bladdersacral neuromodulation

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Evaluation of Biomaterials for Bladder Augmentation using Cystometric Analyses in Various Rodent Models
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Published on: August 9, 2012

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Last Updated: May 19, 2026

Detrusor Underactivity Model in Rats by Conus Medullaris Transection
03:26

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Published on: August 28, 2020

Evaluation of Biomaterials for Bladder Augmentation using Cystometric Analyses in Various Rodent Models
10:19

Evaluation of Biomaterials for Bladder Augmentation using Cystometric Analyses in Various Rodent Models

Published on: August 9, 2012

Area of Science:

  • Urology
  • Neurology

Background:

  • Overactive bladder (OAB) significantly impacts daily life.
  • Conservative treatments like antimuscarinics often fail or cause side effects.
  • Refractory OAB necessitates alternative therapeutic strategies.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide an updated review of sacral neuromodulation (SNM) for refractory OAB.
  • To evaluate the efficacy and safety of SNM as a second-line treatment.
  • To compare SNM with other minimally invasive alternatives.

Main Methods:

  • Review of available clinical evidence on SNM for OAB.
  • Analysis of studies focusing on efficacy and safety outcomes.
  • Inclusion of FDA-approved treatments for refractory OAB.

Main Results:

  • SNM is a viable second-line option for adults with refractory OAB.
  • Evidence supports the efficacy of SNM in improving OAB symptoms.
  • SNM demonstrates an acceptable safety profile in clinical practice.

Conclusions:

  • Sacral neuromodulation is an effective and safe alternative for refractory overactive bladder.
  • Botulinum toxin injections are also a key minimally invasive option.
  • Further research may refine patient selection and optimize SNM outcomes.