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Related Concept Videos

Alterations in Muscle Tone lll01:11

Alterations in Muscle Tone lll

Rigidity and myotonia are distinct abnormalities of muscle tone that affect resistance and relaxation during movement. Although both involve altered muscle contraction, they arise from different neurological and muscular mechanisms.CharacteristicsRigidity is characterized by uniform resistance to passive movement across the entire range, independent of speed, affecting flexors and extensors equally. It may appear as lead-pipe rigidity (smooth, constant resistance) or cogwheel rigidity...
Physical Assessment of the Respiratory Tract II: Inspection01:27

Physical Assessment of the Respiratory Tract II: Inspection

Physical assessment of the respiratory tract through inspection is a crucial step in understanding the patient's respiratory health. It provides insights into the functioning of the respiratory system, the musculoskeletal structure, and even the patient's nutritional status. This comprehensive approach involves observing several vital aspects: chest configuration, breathing patterns, respiratory rates, skin color, and use of accessory muscles.
Chest Configuration
The chest configuration can...
Physiology of Respiration II: Neurogenic Control of Respiration01:22

Physiology of Respiration II: Neurogenic Control of Respiration

The neurogenic control of respiration coordinates various neural networks and pathways to regulate breathing rate and depth, meeting the body's oxygen and carbon dioxide exchange requirements. This system adapts to physiological and environmental conditions, ensuring optimal breathing patterns.
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The brainstem is the primary site of central control, hosting respiratory centers:

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 19, 2026

Eye-Tracking Control to Assess Cognitive Functions in Patients with Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis
07:00

Eye-Tracking Control to Assess Cognitive Functions in Patients with Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis

Published on: October 13, 2016

Cognition, behavior, and respiratory function in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.

Adriana M Strutt1, Jennette Palcic, John G Wager

  • 1Department of Neurology, An ALS Association Certified Center, Baylor College of Medicine, 6550 Fannin, Suite 1801, Houston, TX 77030, USA.

ISRN Neurology
|August 2, 2012
PubMed
Summary

Respiratory insufficiency in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) may cause irreversible executive functioning deficits. Pulmonary interventions may help mitigate cognitive impairments in ALS patients.

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Last Updated: May 19, 2026

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A Protocol for Comprehensive Assessment of Bulbar Dysfunction in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS)
12:43

A Protocol for Comprehensive Assessment of Bulbar Dysfunction in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS)

Published on: February 21, 2011

Area of Science:

  • Neurology
  • Pulmonology
  • Neuropsychology

Background:

  • Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease affecting motor neurons.
  • Respiratory dysfunction is a common and serious complication in ALS patients.
  • The impact of respiratory function on cognitive and behavioral aspects in ALS is not fully understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the association between respiratory functioning and neuropsychological performance, mood, and frontal-lobe-mediated behaviors in ALS patients.
  • To determine if respiratory impairment influences cognitive deficits and behavioral changes in ALS.

Main Methods:

  • Forty-four patients with probable or definite ALS were assessed using pulmonary and neuropsychological evaluations.
  • Patients were categorized into groups with impaired or intact respiratory function based on vital capacity.
  • Caregiver reports were used to assess frontal-lobe-mediated behaviors.

Main Results:

  • No significant differences in demographics, neuropsychological performance, or mood were observed between respiratory groups.
  • Caregivers reported more significant frontal-lobe behavior impairments in patients with impaired respiration.
  • Executive functioning deficits were more pronounced in patients with bulbar onset and those not receiving pulmonary interventions.

Conclusions:

  • Respiratory insufficiency in ALS may contribute to irreversible executive functioning deficits.
  • Pulmonary interventions might help alleviate cognitive impairments in ALS patients.
  • Further research is needed to explore the relationship between respiratory status and cognitive decline in ALS.