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Updated: May 19, 2026

Production and Characterization of Vacuum Deposited Organic Light Emitting Diodes
Published on: November 16, 2018
Ji Hoon Seo1, Seok Jae Lee, Ja Ryong Koo
1Department of Information Display, Hongik University, Seoul 121-791, Korea.
Researchers developed white organic light-emitting diodes for emotion solid-state lighting (ESSL). These diodes utilize a hole modulating layer (HML) and mixed spacer (MS) to balance charge carriers, achieving tunable warm to cold white light emissions.
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