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Related Concept Videos

Heart Valves01:16

Heart Valves

The human heart is a complex organ with an intricate system of valves that regulate blood flow. There are two main types of valves: atrioventricular (AV) valves and semilunar valves.
The AV valves prevent the backflow of blood from the ventricles to the atria during ventricular contraction. These valves function with the assistance of the chordae tendineae and papillary muscles. When the ventricles are relaxed, the chordae tendineae are slack, allowing blood to flow from the atria into the...
Aortic Regurgitation II: Clinical Features and Diagnostic Tests01:22

Aortic Regurgitation II: Clinical Features and Diagnostic Tests

Aortic valve regurgitation (AR) occurs when the aortic valve fails to close properly, allowing blood to flow backward from the aorta into the left ventricle. This backflow can result in two distinct clinical presentations: acute and chronic AR, each characterized by its own set of symptoms and physical findings.Acute Aortic RegurgitationAcute AR presents with a sudden onset of severe symptoms. Patients typically experience profound dyspnea (shortness of breath), chest pain, and signs of left...
Aortic Regurgitation I: Introduction01:15

Aortic Regurgitation I: Introduction

IntroductionAortic regurgitation is characterized by the backward flow of blood from the aorta into the left ventricle during diastole and arises from the improper closure of the aortic valve. This condition results in left ventricular volume overload and can stem from both acute and chronic etiologies, each contributing uniquely to the disease's progression and symptomatology.Acute and Chronic CausesAcute aortic regurgitation often results from events that suddenly impair the integrity of the...
Cardiovascular System Abnormal Findings II: Auscultation01:25

Cardiovascular System Abnormal Findings II: Auscultation

Auscultation, an essential part of a heart examination, is done using a stethoscope. It provides crucial information about heart function and possible heart problems. Due to heart problems, abnormal sounds can be heard during systole or diastole. These sounds include S3 and S4 gallops, opening snaps, systolic clicks, and murmurs.
Abnormal Heart Sounds
Gallops:
Measurement of Blood Pressure01:17

Measurement of Blood Pressure

Assessing blood pressure is a standard procedure executed in virtually all medical environments. The method utilized today was established over a hundred years ago by an innovative Russian doctor, Dr. Nikolai Korotkoff. The soft ticking noise, known as Korotkoff sounds, heard while taking blood pressure readings results from turbulent blood flow within the vessels. The apparatus required for this procedure includes a sphygmomanometer, a blood pressure cuff attached to a gauge, and a stethoscope.
Sites for measuring blood pressure01:21

Sites for measuring blood pressure

Blood pressure measurement is a fundamental clinical procedure, providing crucial data for assessing cardiovascular health. Among the various sites for this measurement, the brachial and popliteal arteries are predominantly utilized due to their accessibility and the reliability of their readings. This lesson delves into the anatomical significance, methodology, and considerations of measuring blood pressure at these locations.
The Brachial Artery: Primary Site for Blood Pressure Measurement

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 19, 2026

Echocardiographic Approaches and Protocols for Comprehensive Phenotypic Characterization of Valvular Heart Disease in Mice
12:12

Echocardiographic Approaches and Protocols for Comprehensive Phenotypic Characterization of Valvular Heart Disease in Mice

Published on: February 14, 2017

Cusp height in aortic valves.

Hans-Joachim Schäfers1, Wolfram Schmied, Gil Marom

  • 1Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, University Hospitals of Saarland, Homburg/Saar, Germany. h-j.schaefers@uks.eu

The Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery
|August 3, 2012
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Aortic valve cusp height measurements reveal greater dimensions and variability than previously reported. These findings correlate with patient clinical variables, aiding in aortic valve repair decisions.

Keywords:
1835BAVTAVTEEbicuspid aortic valvetransesophageal echocardiographytricuspid aortic valve

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Noninvasive Determination of Vortex Formation Time Using Transesophageal Echocardiography During Cardiac Surgery
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Noninvasive Determination of Vortex Formation Time Using Transesophageal Echocardiography During Cardiac Surgery

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Last Updated: May 19, 2026

Echocardiographic Approaches and Protocols for Comprehensive Phenotypic Characterization of Valvular Heart Disease in Mice
12:12

Echocardiographic Approaches and Protocols for Comprehensive Phenotypic Characterization of Valvular Heart Disease in Mice

Published on: February 14, 2017

Noninvasive Determination of Vortex Formation Time Using Transesophageal Echocardiography During Cardiac Surgery
04:48

Noninvasive Determination of Vortex Formation Time Using Transesophageal Echocardiography During Cardiac Surgery

Published on: November 28, 2018

Area of Science:

  • Cardiovascular Surgery
  • Cardiac Anatomy
  • Surgical Outcomes

Background:

  • Successful aortic valve repair necessitates normalization of cusp and root dimensions.
  • Limited data exists on normal human aortic cusp dimensions, particularly cusp height.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To measure aortic cusp height in patients undergoing aortic valve repair.
  • To analyze correlations between cusp height and various clinical variables.

Main Methods:

  • Intraoperative measurement of cusp height in 621 patients (329 tricuspid, 286 bicuspid valves).
  • Recording of patient demographics, preoperative aortic regurgitation, and aortic dimensions.
  • Statistical analysis to identify interrelations between cusp height and clinical variables.

Main Results:

  • Bicuspid nonfused cusp height: 15-30 mm (mean 23.8 ± 2.0 mm).
  • Tricuspid cusp heights: noncoronary (14-28 mm, mean 20.7 ± 2.2 mm), left coronary (12-25 mm, mean 20.0 ± 2.1 mm), right coronary (12-25 mm, mean 20.0 ± 2.1 mm).
  • Significant correlations found between cusp height and most clinical variables, excluding aortic regurgitation severity.

Conclusions:

  • Aortic cusp height is greater and more variable than previously published.
  • Cusp height demonstrates significant correlation with clinical parameters.
  • These measurements provide a basis for informed decision-making in aortic valve repair procedures.