Search research articles

ABOUT JoVE

Overview Leadership Blog JoVE Help Center

AUTHORS

Publishing Process Editorial Board Scope & Policies Peer Review FAQ Submit

LIBRARIANS

Testimonials Subscriptions Access Resources Library Advisory Board FAQ

RESEARCH

JoVE Journal Methods Collections JoVE Encyclopedia of Experiments Archive

EDUCATION

JoVE Core JoVE Business JoVE Science Education JoVE Lab Manual Faculty Resource Center Faculty Site

Terms & Conditions of Use

Related Concept Videos

Stereoisomerism

Stereoisomerism

Isomerism in Complexes
Isomers are different chemical species that have the same chemical formula.
Transition metal complexes often exist as geometric isomers, in which the same atoms are connected through the same types of bonds but with differences in their orientation in space. Coordination complexes with two different ligands in the cis and trans positions from a ligand of interest form isomers. For example, the octahedral [Co(NH3)4Cl2]+ ion has two isomers (Figure 1) In the cis...

Stereoisomers

Stereoisomers

On the basis of mirror symmetry, stereoisomers of an organic molecule can be further classified into diastereomers and enantiomers. Diastereomers are stereoisomers that are not mirror images of each other. Substituted alkenes, such as the cis and trans isomers of 2-butene, are diastereomers, as these molecules exhibit different spatial orientations of their constituent atoms, are not mirror images of each other, and do not interconvert. Here, the interconversion is suppressed due to restricted...

Stereoisomerism of Cyclic Compounds

Stereoisomerism of Cyclic Compounds

In this lesson, we delve into the role of ring conformation and its stability, which determines the spatial arrangement and, consequently, the molecular symmetry and stereoisomerism of cyclic compounds. 1,2-Dimethylcyclohexane is used as a case study to evaluate the possible number of stereoisomers. Here, given the multiple (n = 2) chiral centers, there are 2n = 4 possible configurations that lack a plane of symmetry, as the ring skeleton exists in a non-planar chair conformation. In addition,...

Gauss's Law: Spherical Symmetry

Gauss's Law: Spherical Symmetry

A charge distribution has spherical symmetry if the density of charge depends only on the distance from a point in space and not on the direction. In other words, if the system is rotated, it doesn't look different. For instance, if a sphere of radius R is uniformly charged with charge density ρ0, then the distribution has spherical symmetry. On the other hand, if a sphere of radius R is charged so that the top half of the sphere has a uniform charge density ρ1 and the bottom half has a uniform...

Gauss's Law: Cylindrical Symmetry

Gauss's Law: Cylindrical Symmetry

A charge distribution has cylindrical symmetry if the charge density depends only upon the distance from the axis of the cylinder and does not vary along the axis or with the direction about the axis. In other words, if a system varies if it is rotated around the axis or shifted along the axis, it does not have cylindrical symmetry. In real systems, we do not have infinite cylinders; however, if the cylindrical object is considerably longer than the radius from it that we are interested in,...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by

Same author

Comparison of microglial cell population expansion in the <i>Tg344-AD</i> rat and <i>APP<sub>SWE</sub>/PS1<sub>ΔE9</sub></i> mouse model of Alzheimer's disease.

Journal of Alzheimer's disease reports·2025

Same author

The porcine corticospinal decussation: A combined neuronal tracing and tractography study.

Brain research bulletin·2018

Same author

Space Balls Revisited: Stereological Estimates of Length With Virtual Isotropic Surface Probes.

Frontiers in neuroanatomy·2018

Same author

Disturbances in the control of capillary flow in an aged APP<sup>swe</sup>/PS1ΔE9 model of Alzheimer's disease.

Neurobiology of aging·2017

Same author

Neuron and neuroblast numbers and cytogenesis in the dentate gyrus of aged APP<sub>swe</sub>/PS1<sub>dE9</sub> transgenic mice: Effect of long-term treatment with paroxetine.

Neurobiology of disease·2017

Same author

Stereological investigation of the CA1 pyramidal cell layer in untreated and lithium-treated 3xTg-AD and wild-type mice.

Annals of anatomy = Anatomischer Anzeiger : official organ of the Anatomische Gesellschaft·2016

Same journal

High-Throughput Microbial Assay for Amino Acid Measurement in Ground Maize Seed Samples Utilizing Auxotrophic <i>E. coli</i>.

Cold Spring Harbor protocols·2025

Same journal

Grain Quality in Maize.

Cold Spring Harbor protocols·2025

Same journal

High-Throughput Assay for Measuring Phytate and Available Phosphorus in Ground Maize Seed Samples.

Cold Spring Harbor protocols·2025

Same journal

Functional Genomic Analysis of Transposon Insertion Mutant Maize Plants from the UniformMu National Public Resource.

Cold Spring Harbor protocols·2025

Same journal

The UniformMu National Public Resource: Transposon<i>-</i>Induced Mutant Seeds for Functional Genomics Studies in Maize.

Cold Spring Harbor protocols·2025

Same journal

Insights from the Study of B<i>-</i>Cell Epitopes of a Microbial Pathogen by Phage Display.

Cold Spring Harbor protocols·2025

See all related articles

Search research articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 19, 2026

Knowing What Counts: Unbiased Stereology in the Non-human Primate Brain

Knowing What Counts: Unbiased Stereology in the Non-human Primate Brain

Published on: May 14, 2009

Introduction to stereology.

Mark J West

Cold Spring Harbor Protocols

|August 3, 2012

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Stereology offers quantitative descriptions of 3D structures from 2D images. This mathematical approach enhances understanding of biological tissue structure-function relationships and dynamics.

More Related Videos

Serial Block-Face Scanning Electron Microscopy (SBF-SEM) of Biological Tissue Samples

Serial Block-Face Scanning Electron Microscopy (SBF-SEM) of Biological Tissue Samples

Published on: March 26, 2021

Stereological Estimation of Dopaminergic Neuron Number in the Mouse Substantia Nigra Using the Optical Fractionator and Standard Microscopy Equipment

Stereological Estimation of Dopaminergic Neuron Number in the Mouse Substantia Nigra Using the Optical Fractionator and Standard Microscopy Equipment

Published on: September 1, 2017

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 19, 2026

Knowing What Counts: Unbiased Stereology in the Non-human Primate Brain

Knowing What Counts: Unbiased Stereology in the Non-human Primate Brain

Published on: May 14, 2009

Serial Block-Face Scanning Electron Microscopy (SBF-SEM) of Biological Tissue Samples

Serial Block-Face Scanning Electron Microscopy (SBF-SEM) of Biological Tissue Samples

Published on: March 26, 2021

Stereological Estimation of Dopaminergic Neuron Number in the Mouse Substantia Nigra Using the Optical Fractionator and Standard Microscopy Equipment

Stereological Estimation of Dopaminergic Neuron Number in the Mouse Substantia Nigra Using the Optical Fractionator and Standard Microscopy Equipment

Published on: September 1, 2017

Area of Science:

Morphological sciences
Biophysics
Quantitative biology

Background:

Descriptive anatomy traditionally relies on qualitative assessments.
The integration of mathematics is transforming biological sciences, akin to the evolution of astrology into astronomy.
Quantitative morphology is emerging as a crucial field for biological tissue evaluation.

Discussion:

Stereology provides a framework for obtaining meaningful quantitative descriptions of three-dimensional (3D) structures.
Measurements are derived from two-dimensional (2D) images, enabling analysis of complex biological architectures.
Unbiased stereological techniques ensure precise mathematical descriptions of structures.

Key Insights:

Enables concise descriptions of structure-function relationships.
Facilitates the study of structural dynamics within biological systems.
Reasserts the importance of quantitative morphology in biological research.

Outlook:

Stereology is poised to make anatomy increasingly quantitative.
This approach will refine the evaluation of biological tissues.
Advances in stereology will deepen our understanding of biological complexity.