Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

T Cell Types and Functions01:24

T Cell Types and Functions

When T cells with CD4 markers are activated, they give rise to two types of effector cells: helper T cells and regulatory T cells. Meanwhile, T cells with CD8 markers differentiate into effector cytotoxic T cells. The differentiation of CD4 T cells into helper T cell subsets, such as Th1, Th2, and Th17 cells, is dependent on the antigen type, antigen-presenting cell, and regulatory cytokines.
Th1 cells stimulate dendritic cells to express necessary co-stimulatory molecules on their surfaces for...
T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection01:22

T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection

T cells are integral to our adaptive immune system, recognizing and effectively responding to foreign antigens. T cell activation and clonal selection are pivotal in orchestrating this immune response. This article elucidates these mechanisms, detailing the roles of cluster of differentiation (CD) markers, major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules, costimulatory signals, and the process of clonal selection.
Naive T cells that have not yet encountered an antigen express two primary CD...
Amplifying Signals via Enzymatic Cascade01:22

Amplifying Signals via Enzymatic Cascade

When a ligand binds to a cell-surface receptor, the receptor's intracellular domain changes shape, which may either activate its enzyme function or allow its binding to other molecules. The initial signal is amplified by most signal transduction pathways. This means that a single ligand molecule can activate multiple molecules of a downstream target. Proteins that relay a signal are most commonly phosphorylated at one or more sites, activating or inactivating the protein. Kinases catalyze the...
TGF - β Signaling Pathway01:16

TGF - β Signaling Pathway

The TGF-β signaling pathway regulates cell growth, differentiation, adhesion, motility, and development. TGF-β ligands that induce TGF-β signaling are synthesized in their latent form. Several proteases or cell surface receptors such as integrins act upon the latent form, releasing the active ligand. There are three types of mammalian TGF-βs: (TGF-β1, TGF-β2, and TGF-β3) that bind as homodimers or heterodimers to TGF-β receptors. The TGF-β receptors are of three kinds RI, RII, and RIII. The RI...
Interactions Between Signaling Pathways01:19

Interactions Between Signaling Pathways

Signaling cascades usually lack linearity. Multiple pathways interact and regulate one another, allowing cells to integrate and respond to diverse environmental stimuli.
Convergence and divergence, and cross-talk between signaling pathways
Two distinct signaling pathways can converge on a single functional unit, which may either be a single protein or a complex of proteins. The response is either functionally distinct or synergistic between the two pathways but different from the response...
The JAK-STAT Signaling Pathway01:20

The JAK-STAT Signaling Pathway

Several cytokine receptors have tightly bound Janus kinase or JAK proteins attached at their cytosolic tail. Small signaling molecules such as cytokines, growth hormones, or prolactins bind to the cytokine receptors and initiate their dimerization. The dimerization brings the cytosolic JAKs together that trans-phosphorylate and activates each other. The activated JAKs now phosphorylate cytosolic tails of the cytokine receptors, which serve as binding sites for adaptor proteins such as  SH2...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Oral microbiome modulation mitigates hyperglycemia exacerbation in gestational diabetes mellitus.

Nature communications·2026
Same author

Concurrent VVOR and VORS profiling reveals a threshold-dependent VOR suppression deficit in vestibular migraine.

Frontiers in neurology·2026
Same author

Altered heart rate variability is associated with all-cause mortality in patients with co-morbid insomnia and obstructive sleep apnea.

Sleep·2026
Same author

Mesenchymal stem cells and extracellular vesicles for MAFLD: from biological mechanisms to translational prospects.

Stem cell research & therapy·2026
Same author

Phage enabled precision drug delivery: dual function platforms for therapeutics and genetic cargo transport.

Frontiers in microbiology·2026
Same author

Robotic versus endoscopic breast-conserving surgery: a comparative analysis of clinical outcomes and aesthetic outcomes in breast cancer.

Journal of robotic surgery·2026
Same journal

ZNRF3 and RNF43 are active monomeric E3 ubiquitin ligases that self-associate.

Science signaling·2026
Same journal

Allosteric ligands with distinct properties uncover tissue-specific physiological regulation mediated by free fatty acid receptor 2.

Science signaling·2026
Same journal

Diacylglycerol kinase ζ in B lymphocytes supports CD40-mediated immune synapse formation, mTORC1 signaling, and plasma cell fate.

Science signaling·2026
Same journal

The APC/C adaptor Cdh1 stabilizes STING to potentiate innate immune activation in renal cell carcinoma.

Science signaling·2026
Same journal

Fattening mother's milk with oxytocin.

Science signaling·2026
Same journal

Virion display reveals MD-1 as an endogenous agonist for the orphan receptor GPRC5B.

Science signaling·2026
See all related articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 19, 2026

Identification of Mediators of T-cell Receptor Signaling via the Screening of Chemical Inhibitor Libraries
08:49

Identification of Mediators of T-cell Receptor Signaling via the Screening of Chemical Inhibitor Libraries

Published on: January 22, 2019

T cell signaling targets for enhancing regulatory or effector function.

Fan Pan1, Huimin Fan, Zhongmin Liu

  • 1Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA.

Science Signaling
|August 3, 2012
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Targeting histone deacetylases (HDACs) and programmed death 1 (PD-1) offers new strategies to enhance regulatory T cell (Treg) function in autoimmune diseases or boost effector T cell responses against viruses and tumors.

More Related Videos

Phenotypic and Functional Analysis of Activated Regulatory T Cells Isolated from Chronic Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis Virus-infected Mice
07:17

Phenotypic and Functional Analysis of Activated Regulatory T Cells Isolated from Chronic Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis Virus-infected Mice

Published on: June 22, 2016

Generation of Human Chimeric Antigen Receptor Regulatory T Cells
10:29

Generation of Human Chimeric Antigen Receptor Regulatory T Cells

Published on: January 3, 2025

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 19, 2026

Identification of Mediators of T-cell Receptor Signaling via the Screening of Chemical Inhibitor Libraries
08:49

Identification of Mediators of T-cell Receptor Signaling via the Screening of Chemical Inhibitor Libraries

Published on: January 22, 2019

Phenotypic and Functional Analysis of Activated Regulatory T Cells Isolated from Chronic Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis Virus-infected Mice
07:17

Phenotypic and Functional Analysis of Activated Regulatory T Cells Isolated from Chronic Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis Virus-infected Mice

Published on: June 22, 2016

Generation of Human Chimeric Antigen Receptor Regulatory T Cells
10:29

Generation of Human Chimeric Antigen Receptor Regulatory T Cells

Published on: January 3, 2025

Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Cellular Biology

Background:

  • T cells are crucial for immune responses, with effector T cells fighting infections and regulatory T cells (Tregs) preventing autoimmunity.
  • Forkhead box P3 (Foxp3) is a key transcription factor for Treg development and function, interacting with epigenetic regulators like histone deacetylases (HDACs).
  • Histone deacetylase inhibitors can enhance Treg function, but the specific roles of individual HDAC family members remain unclear.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the distinct roles of specific HDAC family members (HDAC6, HDAC9, Sirtuin-1) in regulating Foxp3 expression and Treg function.
  • To explore the mechanism by which programmed death 1 (PD-1) inhibits effector T cell activation.
  • To identify novel signaling targets for therapeutic manipulation of T cell responses.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of the effects of HDAC6, HDAC9, and Sirtuin-1 on Foxp3 expression and function.
  • Investigation of PD-1's role in inhibiting effector T cell cycle progression.
  • Examination of the inhibition of substrate-recognition component (Skp2) gene transcription by PD-1.

Main Results:

  • HDAC6, HDAC9, and Sirtuin-1 exhibit distinct impacts on Foxp3 expression and Treg function.
  • Selective targeting of HDACs may enhance Treg stability and suppressive capabilities.
  • PD-1 inhibits effector T cell activation by suppressing Skp2 transcription, thereby halting cell cycle progression.

Conclusions:

  • Specific HDACs differentially regulate Treg function, offering potential targets for enhancing suppressive immunity in transplantation and autoimmune diseases.
  • PD-1 acts as an inhibitor of effector T cell proliferation by targeting Skp2.
  • These findings provide novel therapeutic targets to modulate immune responses, either boosting Treg function or enhancing effector T cell-mediated immunity.