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Related Concept Videos

Cellular Adaptation II: Hypertrophy01:26

Cellular Adaptation II: Hypertrophy

Hypertrophy is the increase in the size of individual cells, resulting in the enlargement of a tissue or organ. Unlike hyperplasia, which involves an increase in cell number, hypertrophy is characterized by an increase in cell volume. This process often occurs in response to higher functional demand or hormonal stimulation, leading to the production of more structural proteins and organelles, thereby enhancing the cells' work capacity.There are two primary types of hypertrophy: physiological...
Cellular Adaptation III: Hyperplasia01:26

Cellular Adaptation III: Hyperplasia

Hyperplasia is an increase in the number of cells in a tissue or organ due to enhanced cell division. It is an adaptive, controlled response to stimuli such as injury, hormones, or stress, involving mitosis to produce genetically identical cells and support tissue repair and regeneration.Tissue CapacityCertain tissues, including the epidermis, intestinal epithelium, bone marrow, and fibroblasts, have a high potential for hyperplasia. Others, such as bone, cartilage, and smooth muscle, show...
Pharmacogenetics and Pharmacogenomics: Overview01:29

Pharmacogenetics and Pharmacogenomics: Overview

Pharmacogenetics and pharmacogenomics examine how genetic factors influence an individual's response to drugs. While pharmacogenetics focuses on the impact of specific genetic variants on drug effects, pharmacogenomics takes a broader approach, studying how genetic variation across populations contributes to differences in drug responses. These fields aim to explain why individuals may experience varying levels of efficacy or adverse reactions to the same medication.Variability in drug...
Whole Body Regeneration01:33

Whole Body Regeneration

Regeneration is the process of restoring injured or lost tissues, organs, or body parts. While simpler organisms generally show greater ability to regenerate their whole body, few complex animals show similarly exceptional regeneration. For example, planarian flatworms have a unique regenerative potential making them a popular study organism among biologists to understand the mechanisms of whole body regeneration. Other organisms, such as hydra, also show extreme regeneration potential; even...
Hormonal Regulation01:33

Hormonal Regulation

The renin-aldosterone system is an endocrine system which guides the renal absorption of water and electrolytes, thus managing blood pressure and osmoregulation. Activation of the system begins in the kidneys with a small cluster of cells adjacent to the afferent and efferent blood vessels of the renal corpuscle. As the nephrons are filtering blood, juxtaglomerular cells monitor blood pressure. If they detect a decrease in pressure, they release the hormone renin into the bloodstream.
Hormonal Regulation01:40

Hormonal Regulation

Hormones regulate a significant portion of digestion through activation of the neuroendocrine system. The neuroendocrine system of digestion contains many different hormones all with multiple functions that are both, directly and indirectly, involved in digestion.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 19, 2026

Generation of Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell-derived Planar Hair-bearing Skin Organoids Using an Air-Liquid Interface Culture System
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Generation of Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell-derived Planar Hair-bearing Skin Organoids Using an Air-Liquid Interface Culture System

Published on: October 17, 2025

Orthogenomics: an update.

Michelle Elizabeth Matzko1, Thomas R Bowen, Wade R Smith

  • 1Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Geisinger Clinic, Danville, PA, USA.

The Journal of the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons
|August 3, 2012
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Genomics in orthopaedics, or orthogenomics, is emerging, offering insights into conditions like osteoarthritis and osteoporosis. Further research is needed to translate these genomic findings into improved clinical orthopaedic practice.

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Generation and Genetic Manipulation of Human Cervical Organoids
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Generation and Genetic Manipulation of Human Cervical Organoids

Published on: March 10, 2026

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Last Updated: May 19, 2026

Generation of Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell-derived Planar Hair-bearing Skin Organoids Using an Air-Liquid Interface Culture System
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Generation of Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell-derived Planar Hair-bearing Skin Organoids Using an Air-Liquid Interface Culture System

Published on: October 17, 2025

Generation and Genetic Manipulation of Human Cervical Organoids
10:29

Generation and Genetic Manipulation of Human Cervical Organoids

Published on: March 10, 2026

Area of Science:

  • Orthopaedics
  • Genomics
  • Personalized Medicine

Background:

  • Genomic study in orthopaedics lags behind other medical fields.
  • Genomic information is crucial for personalized medicine.
  • Established methods like SNP and haplotype analysis are used for genome-phenotype associations.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To define and explore the nascent field of orthogenomics.
  • To review existing genome-based studies in orthopaedic conditions.
  • To highlight the potential impact of orthogenomics on clinical practice.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on genome-based studies in orthopaedics.
  • Identification of common genomic analysis techniques (e.g., single nucleotide polymorphism, haplotype analysis).
  • Focus on orthopaedic conditions studied, including osteoporosis, osteoarthritis, and neuropathy.

Main Results:

  • Limited but growing number of genome-based studies in orthopaedics.
  • Key areas of focus include osteoporosis, osteoarthritis, neuropathy, spinal deformity, trauma, and pain.
  • Emerging findings in orthogenomics show potential to influence orthopaedic practice.

Conclusions:

  • Orthogenomics is a developing field with the potential to advance orthopaedic care.
  • Translating current genomic findings into practical clinical applications is essential.
  • Continued research and integration of genomic data are required for improved patient outcomes in orthopaedics.