Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Retrovirus Life Cycles01:10

Retrovirus Life Cycles

Retroviruses have a single-stranded RNA genome that undergoes a special form of replication. Once the retrovirus has entered the host cell, an enzyme called reverse transcriptase synthesizes double-stranded DNA from the retroviral RNA genome. This DNA copy of the genome is then integrated into the host’s genome inside the nucleus via an enzyme called integrase. Consequently, the retroviral genome is transcribed into RNA whenever the host’s genome is transcribed, allowing the retrovirus to...
The Antiviral System of Bacteria and Archaea: CRISPR01:23

The Antiviral System of Bacteria and Archaea: CRISPR

CRISPR stands for Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats is a adaptive immune system found in bacteria and archaea that protects against viral infections. This system enables prokaryotic cells to identify, remember, and neutralize foreign genetic elements, primarily bacteriophages, by storing fragments of the invader’s DNA as a genetic memory.The CRISPR immune response begins during an initial infection. Cas (CRISPR-associated) proteins play a central role in this defense.
Inhibitors of Viral Protein Synthesis01:30

Inhibitors of Viral Protein Synthesis

Protein synthesis is indispensable for viral replication, as viruses lack the cellular machinery required for this process and must hijack the host's translational apparatus. In response, host cells deploy a critical innate immune defense involving interferons, specialized cytokines that play a central role in inhibiting viral propagation.Upon viral detection, infected cells release interferons that bind to receptors on adjacent uninfected cells, activating the JAK-STAT signaling pathway and...
Subviral Agents01:29

Subviral Agents

Subviral agents are infectious entities that resemble viruses but lack one or more viral components, such as a capsid or essential replication machinery. These agents include viroids, prions, and satellites, each possessing distinct structural and functional characteristics that influence their mode of infection and replication.Viroids are the simplest subviral agents, consisting of circular, single-stranded RNA molecules without a protein coat. They exclusively infect plants, relying entirely...
Antimicrobial Effectiveness01:28

Antimicrobial Effectiveness

The effectiveness of antimicrobial agents depends on various factors influencing their ability to eliminate microbial populations. Larger microbial populations require more time for complete eradication, emphasizing the importance of population size analysis when evaluating antimicrobial efficacy.Microbial resistance to antimicrobial agents varies significantly. Highly resilient microorganisms include endospores, gram-negative bacteria, and non-enveloped viruses, while prions are exceptionally...
Antifungal Agents01:15

Antifungal Agents

Amphotericin B is a broad-spectrum antifungal agent that exploits structural differences between fungal and mammalian cell membranes. Its amphipathic structure—featuring a hydrophobic polyene-lactone ring and a hydrophilic region containing mycosamine and carboxylic acid groups—enables selective binding to ergosterol, a sterol predominantly found in fungal plasma membranes. This selective interaction underlies the drug’s antifungal activity, although weak binding to cholesterol contributes to...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

COVID-19 vaccination among people with HIV in Uganda: lessons from a high-risk group with high vaccine uptake for the next pandemic.

Vaccine·2026
Same author

Brief Report: Dolutegravir-Based Therapy, Diet, Physical Activity, and Weight Gain: A 48-week Prospective Cohort in South Africa.

Journal of acquired immune deficiency syndromes (1999)·2025
Same author

Population Effectiveness of Dolutegravir Implementation in Uganda: A Prospective Observational Cohort Study (DISCO), 48-Week Results.

The Journal of infectious diseases·2024
Same author

HIV transmission dynamics and population-wide drug resistance in rural South Africa.

Nature communications·2024
Same author

Regional variation in weight change after the transition to dolutegravir in Uganda and South Africa.

AIDS (London, England)·2024
Same author

HIV, multimorbidity, and health-related quality of life in rural KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa: A population-based study.

PloS one·2024

Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 19, 2026

An Affordable HIV-1 Drug Resistance Monitoring Method for Resource Limited Settings
19:57

An Affordable HIV-1 Drug Resistance Monitoring Method for Resource Limited Settings

Published on: March 30, 2014

ARHAI: antiviral resistance.

C Y William Tong1, Patricia A Cane, Deenan Pillay

  • 1Department of Infectious Diseases, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust and King's College London School of Medicine, 5th Floor North Wing, St Thomas' Hospital, London SE1 7EH, UK. william.tong@gstt.nhs.uk

The Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy
|August 3, 2012
PubMed
Summary

Monitoring antiviral resistance in the UK is crucial for public health. This study focused on tracking resistance in influenza, HIV, and hepatitis viruses through a coordinated laboratory network.

More Related Videos

Rapid Screening of HIV Reverse Transcriptase and Integrase Inhibitors
05:46

Rapid Screening of HIV Reverse Transcriptase and Integrase Inhibitors

Published on: April 9, 2014

Quantitative Structure-Activity Relationship, Activity Prediction, and Molecular Dynamics of Non-nucleotide Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors
10:29

Quantitative Structure-Activity Relationship, Activity Prediction, and Molecular Dynamics of Non-nucleotide Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors

Published on: May 9, 2025

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 19, 2026

An Affordable HIV-1 Drug Resistance Monitoring Method for Resource Limited Settings
19:57

An Affordable HIV-1 Drug Resistance Monitoring Method for Resource Limited Settings

Published on: March 30, 2014

Rapid Screening of HIV Reverse Transcriptase and Integrase Inhibitors
05:46

Rapid Screening of HIV Reverse Transcriptase and Integrase Inhibitors

Published on: April 9, 2014

Quantitative Structure-Activity Relationship, Activity Prediction, and Molecular Dynamics of Non-nucleotide Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors
10:29

Quantitative Structure-Activity Relationship, Activity Prediction, and Molecular Dynamics of Non-nucleotide Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors

Published on: May 9, 2025

Area of Science:

  • Infectious Diseases
  • Microbiology
  • Public Health

Background:

  • Antiviral resistance poses a significant threat, particularly to the Advisory Committee on Antimicrobial Resistance and Healthcare-Associated Infections (ARHAI).
  • The United Kingdom has dedicated substantial resources over the past four years to establish robust monitoring systems for antiviral resistance.
  • Key targets for surveillance include resistance to antiviral agents in influenza virus, Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV), and Hepatitis B and C viruses.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To assess the UK's capability in monitoring the emergence and spread of antiviral resistance.
  • To identify key viral targets for resistance surveillance programs.

Main Methods:

  • Focus on establishing a network of laboratories capable of performing diagnostic tests for antiviral resistance.
  • Implementation of surveillance programs coordinated through a central reference facility within the Health Protection Agency (HPA) or a collaborative study group.

Main Results:

  • Development of a framework for monitoring antiviral resistance across critical viral pathogens.
  • Identification of specific viruses (influenza, HIV, Hepatitis B/C) as priorities for resistance surveillance.

Conclusions:

  • A coordinated laboratory network is essential for effective surveillance of antiviral resistance in the UK.
  • Ongoing monitoring and surveillance are vital to manage the threat of antiviral resistance to public health.