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Related Concept Videos

Inducible Operons: lac Operon01:25

Inducible Operons: lac Operon

The lac operon in Escherichia coli is a model for understanding inducible gene regulation and metabolic flexibility. It integrates local control by lactose and global regulation through catabolite repression, enabling E. coli to preferentially metabolize glucose when available and switch to lactose utilization when glucose is scarce.Structure and Function of the lac OperonThe lac operon contains three structural genes: lacZ (β-galactosidase), lacY (lactose permease), and lacA (thiogalactoside...
Gene Regulation in Microbial Communities: Quorum Sensing01:28

Gene Regulation in Microbial Communities: Quorum Sensing

Quorum sensing is a mechanism of bacterial communication that enables coordinated gene expression in response to changes in population density. This facilitates collective behaviors that enhance survival, resource acquisition, and ecological adaptation. This process relies on small signaling molecules called autoinducers that accumulate as bacterial populations grow. When a critical threshold concentration of autoinducers is reached, bacterial cells collectively modify gene expression,...
Regulation of Bacterial Virulence01:28

Regulation of Bacterial Virulence

Pathogenic bacteria employ a range of regulatory mechanisms to modulate the expression of virulence genes in response to environmental and host-derived signals. These mechanisms ensure that virulence factors are expressed only under favorable conditions, thereby optimizing infection and survival strategies.Mechanisms of Virulence RegulationKey regulatory strategies include:Two-Component Systems: These consist of a membrane-bound sensor kinase and a cytoplasmic response regulator. Environmental...
Stringent Response in E. coli01:23

Stringent Response in E. coli

Bacterial growth is closely tied to nutrient availability, with cells proliferating exponentially under favorable conditions and entering a stationary phase when resources become scarce. This transition is mediated by a regulatory mechanism known as the stringent response, which allows bacteria to adapt to nutrient deprivation by modulating gene expression and metabolic activity.During nutrient scarcity, intracellular amino acid levels decline. It results in the accumulation of uncharged tRNAs...
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Global Regulatory Systems

Global regulatory systems in bacteria enable rapid and coordinated responses to environmental changes by integrating sensory inputs with gene expression, ensuring efficient adaptation to fluctuating conditions. Key global regulatory mechanisms include regulons, two-component systems, sigma factors, and secondary messengers.Regulons and Global RegulatorsA regulon is a collection of genes and operons controlled by a common global regulator. These regulators enable bacteria to prioritize resource...
Operons02:09

Operons

Prokaryotes can control gene expression through operons—DNA sequences consisting of regulatory elements and clustered, functionally related protein-coding genes. Operons use a single promoter sequence to initiate transcription of a gene cluster (i.e., a group of structural genes) into a single mRNA molecule. The terminator sequence ends transcription. An operator sequence, located between the promoter and structural genes, prohibits the operon’s transcriptional activity if bound by a repressor...

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A Fluorescence-based Method to Study Bacterial Gene Regulation in Infected Tissues
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LuxS-dependent AI-2 regulates versatile functions in Enterococcus faecalis V583.

Changlin Shao1, Wei Shang, Zhan Yang

  • 1Institute of Disease Control and Prevention, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, No. 20 Dongda Street, Fengtai District, 100071 Beijing, China.

Journal of Proteome Research
|August 4, 2012
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Vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecalis uses a LuxS/autoinducer-2 (AI-2) quorum sensing system. AI-2 influences bacterial metabolism and significantly increases biofilm formation, offering insights into this pathogen.

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Area of Science:

  • Microbiology
  • Bacterial Quorum Sensing
  • Molecular Biology

Background:

  • Bacteria coordinate gene expression using quorum sensing (QS) systems, which rely on autoinducer (AI) molecules.
  • Vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecalis (VRE) is a significant nosocomial pathogen.
  • The specific role of QS in VRE pathogenesis is not fully understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To confirm the presence and function of a LuxS/AI-2 dependent QS system in VRE.
  • To identify AI-2-regulated cellular targets in VRE using comparative proteomics.
  • To investigate the impact of AI-2 on VRE biofilm formation.

Main Methods:

  • Confirmation of LuxS/AI-2 QS system in VRE V583.
  • Comparative proteomics analysis to identify AI-2-modulated proteins.
  • Assessment of biofilm formation in response to exogenous AI-2.

Main Results:

  • Fifteen differentially expressed proteins were identified upon AI-2 addition, involved in metabolism, translation, energy production, and cell wall biogenesis.
  • AI-2 up-regulated key metabolic enzymes like Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase and malate dehydrogenase.
  • AI-2 down-regulated enzymes involved in metabolism, including acetyl-coenzyme A carboxylase and ornithine carbamoyltransferase, and enhanced biofilm formation.

Conclusions:

  • The LuxS/AI-2 QS system regulates critical metabolic pathways in VRE.
  • AI-2 signaling plays a role in promoting VRE biofilm formation.
  • Understanding AI-2's role provides potential targets for VRE infection control.