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Related Concept Videos

Ionic Crystal Structures02:42

Ionic Crystal Structures

Ionic crystals consist of two or more different kinds of ions that usually have different sizes. The packing of these ions into a crystal structure is more complex than the packing of metal atoms that are the same size.
Most monatomic ions behave as charged spheres, and their attraction for ions of opposite charge is the same in every direction. Consequently, stable structures for ionic compounds result (1) when ions of one charge are surrounded by as many ions as possible of the opposite...
Aromatic Hydrocarbon Cations: Structural Overview01:18

Aromatic Hydrocarbon Cations: Structural Overview

Cycloheptatriene is a neutral monocyclic unsaturated hydrocarbon that consists of an odd number of carbon atoms and an intervening sp3 carbon in the ring. The three double bonds in the ring correspond to 6 π electrons, which is a Huckel number, and therefore satisfies the criteria of 4n + 2 π electrons. However, the intervening sp3 carbon disrupts the continuous overlap of p orbitals. As a result, cycloheptatriene is not aromatic.
Removing one hydrogen from the intervening CH2 group with both...
Pinching-off of Coated Vesicles01:32

Pinching-off of Coated Vesicles

Vesicle budding is orchestrated by distinct cytosolic proteins such as adaptor proteins, coat proteins, and GTPases. To initiate vesicle budding, membrane-bending proteins containing crescent-shaped BAR domains bind to the lipid heads in the bilayer and distort the membrane to form a protein-coated vesicle bud. Adaptors proteins such as AP2 for clathrin-coated vesicles can nucleate on the deformed membrane. Finally, coat proteins such as clathrin or COPI and COPII assemble into a coat forming...
Ionic Compounds: Formulas and Nomenclature03:34

Ionic Compounds: Formulas and Nomenclature

An element composed of atoms that readily lose electrons (a metal) can react with an element composed of atoms that readily gain electrons (a nonmetal) to produce ions through complete electron transfer. The compound formed by this transfer is stabilized by the electrostatic attractions (ionic bonds) between the oppositely charged ions.
Predicting Molecular Geometry02:27

Predicting Molecular Geometry

VSEPR Theory for Determination of Electron Pair Geometries
[3,3] Sigmatropic Rearrangement of Allyl Vinyl Ethers: Claisen Rearrangement01:24

[3,3] Sigmatropic Rearrangement of Allyl Vinyl Ethers: Claisen Rearrangement

The Claisen rearrangement is a [3,3] sigmatropic rearrangement of allyl vinyl ethers to unsaturated carbonyl compounds. The rearrangement is a concerted pericyclic reaction proceeding via a chair-like transition state.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 19, 2026

Fabrication and Optimization of Type II Silicon Clathrate Films
06:53

Fabrication and Optimization of Type II Silicon Clathrate Films

Published on: October 14, 2025

First glimpse at a calixarene clathrate.

Jonathan W Steed1

  • 1Department of Chemistry, Durham University, South Road, Durham, DH1 3LE, UK. jon.steed@durham.ac.uk

Chemical Communications (Cambridge, England)
|August 4, 2012
PubMed
Summary

The 1979 calixarene crystal structure revealed the characteristic calixarene shape and tetrameric form. This landmark study demonstrated artificial receptors’ ability to encapsulate guest molecules within their cavities.

Area of Science:

  • Supramolecular Chemistry
  • Crystal Engineering
  • Organic Chemistry

Background:

  • Calixarenes are macrocyclic compounds known for their unique cup-like structures.
  • Understanding the precise three-dimensional arrangement of calixarenes is crucial for designing novel host-guest systems.
  • Early structural studies were essential to validate the proposed calixarene framework.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To elucidate the 3D structure of p-t-butylcalix[4]arene.
  • To confirm the tetrameric nature of the calixarene molecule.
  • To demonstrate the capacity of the calixarene cavity for molecular encapsulation.

Main Methods:

  • X-ray crystallography was employed to determine the molecular structure.
  • Single crystal X-ray diffraction data were collected and analyzed.

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A Microfluidic Approach for the Study of Ice and Clathrate Hydrate Crystallization

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Preparation of a Corannulene-functionalized Hexahelicene by Copper(I)-catalyzed Alkyne-azide Cycloaddition of Nonplanar Polyaromatic Units
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Preparation of a Corannulene-functionalized Hexahelicene by Copper(I)-catalyzed Alkyne-azide Cycloaddition of Nonplanar Polyaromatic Units

Published on: September 18, 2016

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Last Updated: May 19, 2026

Fabrication and Optimization of Type II Silicon Clathrate Films
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Fabrication and Optimization of Type II Silicon Clathrate Films

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Preparation of a Corannulene-functionalized Hexahelicene by Copper(I)-catalyzed Alkyne-azide Cycloaddition of Nonplanar Polyaromatic Units

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  • The crystal structure was solved and refined to high resolution.

    • Main Results:

    • The X-ray crystal structure of p-t-butylcalix[4]arene toluene 1:1 complex was determined.
    • The iconic, cone-shaped calixarene structure was definitively established.
    • The tetrameric assembly of the calixarene units was confirmed.
    • Evidence for toluene inclusion within the calixarene cavity was observed.

    Conclusions:

    • The 1979 structural analysis confirmed the calixarene's fundamental architecture.
    • This work validated the concept of molecular recognition and encapsulation by synthetic receptors.
    • The study laid the groundwork for the extensive development of calixarene chemistry.