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Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM)

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM)

The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) serves as the primary classification system for mental health disorders, providing standardized diagnostic criteria for clinicians and researchers. First published by the American Psychiatric Association (APA) in 1952, the DSM has undergone several revisions to reflect evolving psychiatric understanding. The fifth edition, DSM-5, released in 2013, introduced key updates that expanded diagnostic categories and modified diagnostic...

Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder

Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder

Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by persistent inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity. It affects approximately 5-8% of children globally, with around 60-70% of cases persisting into adulthood. ADHD has significant implications for educational attainment, social interactions, and occupational success.
Diagnostic Criteria and Symptoms
To diagnose ADHD, symptoms must manifest before age 12 and be evident across multiple settings.

Theoretical Approaches to Psychological Disorder

Theoretical Approaches to Psychological Disorder

The development of psychological disorders, which are characterized by deviant, maladaptive, and personally distressing behaviors, has been explored through several theoretical approaches.
Biological approach
The biological approach posits that internal, organic factors are the primary causes of such disorders. This perspective emphasizes brain structure and function, genetic predispositions, and neurotransmitter imbalances. For example, schizophrenia has been associated with both genetic...

Dissociative Identity Disorder

Dissociative Identity Disorder

Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID), previously termed multiple personality disorder, is a complex psychological condition characterized by the presence of two or more distinct identities or personality states. Each identity exhibits unique patterns of behavior, voice, and mannerisms and may possess separate memories and emotional responses. The alternating control between identities can result in memory gaps and challenges in recalling daily activities, often exacerbating the individual's...

Oppositional Defiant Disorder

Oppositional Defiant Disorder

A persistent pattern of angry or irritable mood, defiant behavior, or vindictiveness characterizes Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD). Symptoms must occur over at least six months, involve interactions with individuals beyond siblings, and meet specific diagnostic criteria to be clinically significant. The disorder affects emotional regulation, social interactions, and behavior, often manifesting early in life and influencing long-term development and functioning.
Diagnostic Criteria and...

Introduction to Psychological Disorders

Introduction to Psychological Disorders

Abnormal behavior, often referred to as mental illness, results from changes in brain function that influence thought patterns, behaviors, and social interactions. Psychologists and psychiatrists typically assess abnormal behavior using three primary criteria: deviance, maladaptation, and personal distress, particularly when these traits persist over long periods.
Deviant Behavior
Deviance in behavior refers to actions or thought patterns that significantly diverge from societal norms or...

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Adjustment disorder: implications for ICD-11 and DSM-5.

Patricia Casey, Anne Doherty

The British Journal of Psychiatry : the Journal of Mental Science

|August 4, 2012

Summary

Epidemiological research on adjustment disorder is limited. Primary care physicians rarely recognize adjustment disorder, yet frequently prescribe antidepressants, indicating potential management issues.

Area of Science:

Psychiatry
Epidemiology
General Practice

Background:

Adjustment disorder lacks extensive epidemiological research despite being a recognized condition for decades.
Current research highlights low general practitioner (GP) recognition of adjustment disorder in primary care settings.
Despite low recognition, there are high rates of antidepressant prescribing for patients with adjustment disorder.

Discussion:

Low prevalence, recognition, and inappropriate management may stem from adjustment disorder's status as a residual diagnostic category.
Poor delineation from other disorders and normal stress responses contributes to diagnostic challenges.
The International Classification of Diseases, 11th Revision (ICD-11) and Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th Edition (DSM-5) offer opportunities to rectify these issues.

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Key Insights:

General practitioners exhibit very low recognition rates for adjustment disorder.
Antidepressant prescribing is disproportionately high in cases of adjustment disorder.
Diagnostic ambiguity and classification issues impede accurate identification and management.

Outlook:

Rectifying diagnostic criteria in ICD-11 and DSM-5 by granting adjustment disorder full syndromal status is proposed.
Changes to diagnostic classification could significantly improve future research into adjustment disorder.
Enhanced diagnostic clarity is anticipated to lead to more appropriate clinical management and targeted research efforts.