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Vaccines01:21

Vaccines

Vaccines are among the most effective tools in preventive medicine, designed to prepare the immune system to recognize and combat infectious agents. By introducing antigens—substances that the immune system identifies as foreign—vaccines stimulate an adaptive immune response that leads to immunological memory. This immunological memory enables the body to mount a faster and more effective response upon future exposures to the actual pathogen.Vaccines can be categorized based on the type of...
Vaccinations01:51

Vaccinations

Overview
Cancer Vaccines01:30

Cancer Vaccines

Cancer treatment vaccines are a rapidly evolving field that offers a promising approach to immunotherapy. Unlike traditional vaccines that prevent diseases, cancer treatment vaccines are designed to treat existing cancers by stimulating the immune system to recognize and attack cancer cells.
Cancer vaccines come in two categories: preventive (prophylactic) and treatment (active). Preventive vaccines, such as the Human Papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine, protect against viruses that cause certain...
Cross-reactivity00:42

Cross-reactivity

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Arboviral Encephalitis01:25

Arboviral Encephalitis

Arboviral encephalitis refers to brain inflammation caused by arthropod-borne viruses, particularly those transmitted through mosquito vectors. Among these, West Nile virus (WNV), a member of the Flaviviridae family, is a significant public health concern. WNV is an enveloped, positive-sense, single-stranded RNA virus. Human infection typically begins when an infected mosquito introduces the virus into the dermis during feeding. The primary transmission cycle involves birds as amplifying hosts...
Vaccine Production01:23

Vaccine Production

Vaccine production involves a sequence of upstream and downstream processes to generate a safe and effective immunological product. It begins with cultivating microorganisms, such as viruses or bacteria, to obtain antigenic material. For viral vaccines, mammalian host cells are grown in bioreactors and subsequently infected with the target virus. The virus replicates within the host cells, which are lysed to release viral particles. This lysate is then clarified through filtration or...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 19, 2026

Development of an IFN-γ ELISpot Assay to Assess Varicella-Zoster Virus-specific Cell-mediated Immunity Following Umbilical Cord Blood Transplantation
08:04

Development of an IFN-γ ELISpot Assay to Assess Varicella-Zoster Virus-specific Cell-mediated Immunity Following Umbilical Cord Blood Transplantation

Published on: July 9, 2014

Varicella vaccines.

Andrew Flatt1, Judy Breuer

  • 1University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK. ajf42@hotmail.co.uk

British Medical Bulletin
|August 4, 2012
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

The varicella zoster virus (VZV) vaccine is safe and effective, with a two-dose regimen recommended for long-term protection against VZV infection. Universal vaccination cost-effectiveness depends on disease burden.

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Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 19, 2026

Development of an IFN-γ ELISpot Assay to Assess Varicella-Zoster Virus-specific Cell-mediated Immunity Following Umbilical Cord Blood Transplantation
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Expression and Purification of Virus-like Particles for Vaccination

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Vaccinology
  • Public Health

Background:

  • Varicella zoster virus (VZV) infection causes significant morbidity, including varicella pneumonitis, meningoencephalitis, and post-herpetic neuralgia.
  • Live-attenuated varicella vaccines are established in many countries to mitigate VZV-related disease burden.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the efficacy and cost-effectiveness of varicella zoster virus (VZV) vaccination.
  • To summarize current recommendations and identify areas of international consensus regarding VZV immunity measurement and vaccination strategies.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of original papers, review articles, and guidelines from key health organizations (e.g., AAP, ACIP).
  • Analysis of immunoassay data (VZV IgG by ELISA) as a marker for VZV infection or immunization.

Main Results:

  • Live VZV vaccines are safe and effective; a two-dose schedule is recommended for sustained protection, as single-dose protection wanes.
  • Universal two-dose VZV immunization is cost-effective in Western temperate regions.
  • International consensus is lacking on VZV immunity measurement and vaccination cost-effectiveness, influenced by pre-vaccination disease rates.

Conclusions:

  • Two-dose VZV vaccination is crucial for long-term immunity and disease prevention.
  • The cost-effectiveness of universal VZV vaccination programs is contingent upon the prevalence of severe VZV-associated disease.
  • Further consensus is needed on VZV immunity assessment and global vaccination strategies.