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Jaundice

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Jaundice, or icterus, is the yellow discoloration of the skin, sclerae, and mucous membranes. It happens when plasma bilirubin levels rise above 2.5-3 mg/dL, leading to bilirubin deposition in tissue.Bilirubin is a byproduct of hemoglobin degradation. In macrophages, hemoglobin breaks down into globin and heme. Globin is converted into amino acids, while heme is turned into biliverdin by heme oxygenase, which is then reduced to unconjugated bilirubin by biliverdin reductase.Unconjugated...

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Updated: May 19, 2026

Isolation of Neonatal Extrahepatic Cholangiocytes

Isolation of Neonatal Extrahepatic Cholangiocytes

Published on: June 5, 2014

Prolonged jaundice in neonates.

Siba Prosad Paul¹, Valerie Hall, Timothy Mackford Taylor

¹Great Western Hospital, Swindon.

The Practising Midwife

|August 7, 2012

Summary

Jaundice in newborns is common, especially in breastfed infants. This study found breastfeeding is the primary cause of prolonged jaundice, suggesting reduced referrals and investigations for well infants.

Area of Science:

Neonatal Medicine
Pediatrics
Public Health

Background:

Jaundice is a frequent condition in newborns, often prompting parental consultation with healthcare providers.
Up to 40% of breastfed infants exhibit jaundice at 14 days, leading to referrals for pediatric assessment.
Many referrals reveal elevated bilirubin without other liver abnormalities, diagnosing breastfeeding jaundice.

Purpose of the Study:

To evaluate current clinical practices regarding neonatal jaundice.
To identify breastfeeding as a primary cause of prolonged neonatal jaundice.
To provide guidance for community health practitioners to reduce unnecessary referrals and invasive investigations.

Main Methods:

Clinical audit of current practices for neonatal jaundice assessment.

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Analysis of referral patterns and investigation results for jaundiced neonates.

Review of diagnostic criteria for breastfeeding jaundice.

Main Results:

Breastfeeding was confirmed as the predominant reason for prolonged jaundice in neonates.
Most infants diagnosed with breastfeeding jaundice required only reassurance and monitoring.
Current practices may lead to over-referral and unnecessary investigations for otherwise healthy jaundiced infants.

Conclusions:

Breastfeeding jaundice is a common and benign condition in newborns.
Community health practitioners can be guided to reduce referrals for well neonates with jaundice.
Minimizing invasive investigations can improve patient outcomes and healthcare efficiency.