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Spermatogenesis

Spermatogenesis

Spermatogenesis is the process by which haploid sperm cells are produced in the male testes. It starts with stem cells located close to the outer rim of seminiferous tubules. These spermatogonial stem cells divide asymmetrically to give rise to additional stem cells (meaning that these structures “self-renew”), as well as sperm progenitors, called spermatocytes. Importantly, this method of asymmetric mitotic division maintains a population of spermatogonial stem cells in the male reproductive...

Spermatogenesis

Spermatogenesis

Spermatogenesis is a complex process that involves the development of sperm cells from undifferentiated stem cells in the seminiferous tubules of the testes. The process is essential for the production of mature and functional sperm cells that are capable of fertilizing an egg.
The process of spermatogenesis can be divided into mitosis, meiosis, and spermiogenesis. During mitosis, the spermatogonia or stem cells divide to produce two identical daughter cells, type A and B spermatogonia. Type-A...

Oogenesis

Oogenesis

Oogenesis, the process of developing egg cells (female gametes), occurs within the ovaries and is fundamental to female fertility. This sequence begins during fetal development when diploid oogonia in the developing ovaries undergo mitotic divisions to produce primary oocytes. By birth, these primary oocytes enter prophase I of meiosis but become arrested in this stage, remaining suspended until puberty.
Each primary oocyte is surrounded by a layer of pre-granulosa cells, forming what is known...

Oogenesis

Oogenesis

In human women, oogenesis produces one mature egg cell or ovum for every precursor cell that enters meiosis. This process differs in two unique ways from the equivalent procedure of spermatogenesis in males. First, meiotic divisions during oogenesis are asymmetric, meaning that a large oocyte (containing most of the cytoplasm) and minor polar body are produced as a result of meiosis I, and again following meiosis II. Since only oocytes will go on to form embryos if fertilized, this unequal...

Meiosis II

Meiosis II

Meiosis II is the second and final stage of meiosis. It relies on the haploid cells produced during meiosis I, each of which contain only 23 chromosomes—one from each homologous initial pair. Importantly, each chromosome in these cells is composed of two joined copies, and when these cells enter meiosis II, the goal is to separate such sister chromatids using the same microtubule-based network employed in other division processes. The result of meiosis II is two haploid cells, each containing...

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Embryonic stem (ES) cells were first discovered in mice in 1981 by Martin Evans. In 1998, James Thomson identified a method to isolate embryonic stem cells from humans. Human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) are obtained from 3-5 day old embryos that remain unused after an in vitro fertilization procedure.
ES cells are grown in a culture medium where they can divide indefinitely, creating ES cell lines. Under certain conditions, ES cells can differentiate, either spontaneously into a variety of...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 19, 2026

Differentiation of Newborn Mouse Skin Derived Stem Cells into Germ-like Cells In vitro

Differentiation of Newborn Mouse Skin Derived Stem Cells into Germ-like Cells In vitro

Published on: July 16, 2013

Oocyte-like cells induced from mouse spermatogonial stem cells.

Lu Wang¹, Jinping Cao, Ping Ji

¹Institute of Medical Sciences, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, 280 Chongqing S, Road, Shanghai, 200025, China. yuzhuo78@shsmu.edu.cn.

Cell & Bioscience

|August 7, 2012

Summary

Mouse male spermatogonial stem cells (SSCs) can be reprogrammed into oocyte-like cells in culture. These cells exhibit oocyte-specific markers and undergo epigenetic reprogramming, demonstrating SSC plasticity.

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Published on: February 25, 2013

Application of Mouse Parthenogenetic Haploid Embryonic Stem Cells as a Substitute of Sperm

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Last Updated: May 19, 2026

Differentiation of Newborn Mouse Skin Derived Stem Cells into Germ-like Cells In vitro

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Published on: July 16, 2013

Serial Enrichment of Spermatogonial Stem and Progenitor Cells (SSCs) in Culture for Derivation of Long-term Adult Mouse SSC Lines

Serial Enrichment of Spermatogonial Stem and Progenitor Cells (SSCs) in Culture for Derivation of Long-term Adult Mouse SSC Lines

Published on: February 25, 2013

Application of Mouse Parthenogenetic Haploid Embryonic Stem Cells as a Substitute of Sperm

Application of Mouse Parthenogenetic Haploid Embryonic Stem Cells as a Substitute of Sperm

Published on: November 19, 2020

Area of Science:

Developmental Biology
Stem Cell Biology
Reproductive Biology

Background:

Primordial germ cells (PGCs) are precursors to gametes.
Spermatogonial stem cells (SSCs) can dedifferentiate to pluripotent states.
The potential for SSCs to generate oocytes has not been previously shown.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the potential of male SSCs to differentiate into oocyte-like cells.
To explore the epigenetic reprogramming involved in SSC-to-oocyte conversion.

Main Methods:

Culture of mouse male SSCs.
Analysis of oocyte-specific markers and gene expression.
Parthenogenesis assays.
Imprinting analysis.

Main Results:

Male SSCs were successfully converted into oocyte-like cells (SSC-Oocs).
SSC-Oocs expressed oocyte markers, underwent parthenogenesis, and showed altered gene expression patterns (down-regulated Y/X-linked testis genes, activated X-linked oocyte genes).
These cells lost paternal imprinting and acquired maternal imprinting.

Conclusions:

SSCs possess the potential for reprogramming into oocytes with associated epigenetic reversals.
This finding highlights the plasticity of SSCs and offers a model for studying germ cell fate and imprinting.