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Related Concept Videos

Adrenal Gland Disorders01:27

Adrenal Gland Disorders

Adrenal gland disorders manifest when the production of adrenal hormones deviates from the norm, resulting in either excessive or insufficient concentrations.
Adrenal insufficiency, characterized by insufficient cortisol and aldosterone production, leads to conditions like Addison's disease. This disorder, affecting the adrenal cortex, exhibits symptoms such as skin bronzing, dehydration, low blood pressure, fatigue, and weight loss. Congenital adrenal hyperplasia, a genetic ailment causing...
Anatomy of the Adrenal Glands01:17

Anatomy of the Adrenal Glands

The adrenal or supra-renal glands, situated above the kidneys and aligned with the twelfth rib, are paired pyramid-shaped structures crucial for the body's stress response. During stress, these glands secrete hormones vital for adaptive physiological reactions.
These glands possess a distinctive yellow tinge due to the stored cholesterol and fatty acids required for hormone synthesis. They are encased in a fibrous capsule and cushioned by fat.
The adrenal gland comprises two distinct regions...
Cushing Syndrome I: Introduction01:26

Cushing Syndrome I: Introduction

Cushing syndrome refers to the collection of clinical manifestations that arise when tissues are exposed to excessive amounts of cortisol or cortisol-like medications over an extended period. Cortisol, a glucocorticoid produced by the adrenal cortex, regulates metabolism, immune responses, and the body’s adaptation to stress. When its concentration remains chronically elevated, these physiological pathways become dysregulated, resulting in the characteristic features of the syndrome.Exogenous...
Cushing Syndrome II: Pathophysiology01:19

Cushing Syndrome II: Pathophysiology

Cortisol production is normally governed by the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis, which maintains hormonal balance through tightly regulated feedback mechanisms. Disruption of this regulatory system is central to the development of Cushing syndrome, whether the excess cortisol originates from external medications or internal pathology. Persistent cortisol elevation alters metabolism, immune function, and endocrine signaling, producing the characteristic clinical features of the...
Hormones of the Adrenal Glands01:31

Hormones of the Adrenal Glands

Adrenal hormones play a pivotal role in maintaining the body's electrolyte balance and orchestrating responses to stress, showcasing the intricate functions of the adrenal cortex and medulla.
The adrenal cortex, a powerhouse of hormone synthesis, generates over two dozen corticosteroid hormones. The zona glomerulosa produces mineralocorticoids, exemplified by aldosterone, influencing the electrolyte composition of body fluids. The synthesis of glucocorticoids such as cortisol and corticosterone...
Sympathetic Pathways: Collateral Ganglia and Adrenal Medulla01:27

Sympathetic Pathways: Collateral Ganglia and Adrenal Medulla

The sympathetic pathways of the collateral ganglia and adrenal medulla serve unique but interconnected roles in the sympathetic response.
Collateral Ganglia
Sympathetic preganglionic axons reach the collateral ganglia along the route of splanchnic nerves. These nerves bypass the sympathetic trunk and communicate with sympathetic postganglionic neurons housed in the prevertebral ganglia. These ganglia supply the organs of the abdominopelvic cavity.
The greater splanchnic nerve, formed by the...

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Updated: May 19, 2026

A Novel Method: Super-selective Adrenal Venous Sampling
06:08

A Novel Method: Super-selective Adrenal Venous Sampling

Published on: September 15, 2017

Adrenal incidentaloma.

Giorgio Arnaldi1, Marco Boscaro

  • 1Division of Endocrinology, Polytechnic University of Marche, 60020 Ancona, Italy.

Best Practice & Research. Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism
|August 7, 2012
PubMed
Summary

Adrenal incidentalomas are common, requiring differentiation of benign from malignant or hormone-secreting masses. Imaging and endocrine testing help guide tailored management strategies for these adrenal lesions.

Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Radiology
  • Oncology

Background:

  • Adrenal incidentalomas are frequently discovered due to advances in imaging technology.
  • Distinguishing benign adrenal masses from malignant or hormone-secreting ones is a key diagnostic challenge.
  • Imaging, particularly unenhanced CT and MRI, aids in differentiating lesions based on lipid content.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the diagnostic challenges and management strategies for adrenal incidentalomas.
  • To emphasize the importance of differentiating benign from potentially harmful adrenal masses.
  • To discuss the role of imaging and endocrine testing in patient management.

Main Methods:

  • Review of diagnostic imaging techniques, including unenhanced CT and MRI.
  • Endocrine evaluation for hypercortisolism, pheochromocytoma, and aldosteronism.

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  • Discussion of cost-effective diagnostic and follow-up strategies.

    • Main Results:

    • Benign adrenal lesions often exhibit high lipid content, detectable by imaging.
    • Testing for hypercortisolism and pheochromocytoma is recommended for all patients.
    • Aldosteronism screening is indicated specifically for hypertensive patients.

    Conclusions:

    • Optimal management of adrenal incidentaloma requires a tailored, cost-effective approach.
    • Endocrinologists must balance extensive work-ups with simplified follow-up strategies.
    • Patient selection based on risk stratification is crucial for effective management and follow-up.