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Related Concept Videos

Vitamins01:30

Vitamins

Vitamins, derived from the Latin word for life, are essential organic substances required in small quantities for optimal growth and overall well-being. Unlike other organic nutrients, vitamins don't act as sources of energy or building materials but rather facilitate these nutrients' utilization by the body. Vitamins are predominantly coenzymes, assisting enzymes in specific chemical actions, like the oxidation of glucose for energy involving B vitamins. Most vitamins are not produced in our...
Role of Skin in Vitamin D Synthesis01:23

Role of Skin in Vitamin D Synthesis

The skin plays a crucial role in the synthesis of vitamin D, a vital nutrient for various physiological processes in the body. Vitamin D is unique because it can be synthesized in the skin through a series of chemical reactions triggered by exposure to ultraviolet B (UVB) radiation from sunlight.
The solar UV B rays (290-315 nm) are absorbed by the skin, and 7-dehydrocholesterol (provitamin D3) photolyzes it to previtamin D3, which undergoes a rapid transformation to vitamin D3(cholecalciferol).
Chronic Kidney Disease II: Clinical Manifestations01:24

Chronic Kidney Disease II: Clinical Manifestations

Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) progressively impairs multiple body systems due to the accumulation of uremic toxins, which disrupt cellular functions across various organs.Neurologic symptomsNeurologic symptoms often arise early in CKD, as uremic toxin buildup drives changes in cognitive and motor functions. Patients frequently experience fatigue, headache, confusion, difficulty concentrating, and, in severe cases, seizures. Peripheral neuropathy commonly manifests as burning sensations in the...
Role of Vitamins in Maintaining Bone Health01:25

Role of Vitamins in Maintaining Bone Health

The growth and maintenance of bone are regulated by a combination of nutritional factors, including vitamins, such as vitamin A, B12, C, D, and K.
Vitamin A
Vitamin A is involved in the process of bone remodeling. Retinoic acid, the active metabolite of Vitamin A, has nuclear receptors in osteoblasts and osteoclasts, which are involved in bone remodeling.
Vitamin B12
Vitamin B12 acts as a cofactor during the formation of osteoblast-related proteins, such as osteocalcin. Vitamin B12 plays a role...
Hypothyroidism II: Pathophysiology01:23

Hypothyroidism II: Pathophysiology

Hypothyroidism is a disorder characterized by insufficient production of thyroid hormones, which regulate metabolism, energy balance, and multiple organ systems.TypesHypothyroidism is classified based on the level of dysfunction. Primary hypothyroidism results from intrinsic thyroid gland dysfunction, causing reduced hormone production despite normal or increased stimulation. Secondary hypothyroidism arises from inadequate thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) secretion by the pituitary. Tertiary...
Type I Diabetes III: Clinical Manifestations01:19

Type I Diabetes III: Clinical Manifestations

Type 1 diabetes mellitus typically presents with rapid-onset symptoms due to the body’s inability to utilize glucose in the absence of insulin. Since insulin is required for glucose uptake into cells, its deficiency leads to hyperglycemia and cellular energy deprivation, resulting in characteristic clinical features.Polyuria and PolydipsiaOne of the earliest, most prominent symptoms is polyuria (excessive urination). When blood glucose concentrations rise above the renal threshold, the kidneys...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 19, 2026

A Method of Trigonometric Modelling of Seasonal Variation Demonstrated with Multiple Sclerosis Relapse Data
10:46

A Method of Trigonometric Modelling of Seasonal Variation Demonstrated with Multiple Sclerosis Relapse Data

Published on: December 9, 2015

Subclinical vitamin D deficiency.

Luisella Cianferotti1, Claudio Marcocci

  • 1Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Unit of Endocrinology and Bone Metabolism, University of Pisa, University Hospital of Pisa, Via Paradisa, 2 - 56124 Pisa, Italy.

Best Practice & Research. Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism
|August 7, 2012
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Optimal vitamin D status remains debated. Achieving serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] levels above 75 nmol/L may be necessary for maximal bone and extraskeletal health benefits.

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 19, 2026

A Method of Trigonometric Modelling of Seasonal Variation Demonstrated with Multiple Sclerosis Relapse Data
10:46

A Method of Trigonometric Modelling of Seasonal Variation Demonstrated with Multiple Sclerosis Relapse Data

Published on: December 9, 2015

Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Nutritional Science
  • Public Health

Background:

  • Optimal serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] levels for health are debated.
  • Subclinical vitamin D deficiency affects a significant portion of the population, varying by latitude and season.
  • While severe deficiency causes rickets and osteomalacia, milder forms' impacts are less understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review current understanding of vitamin D deficiency thresholds.
  • To examine evidence on vitamin D's skeletal and extraskeletal effects.
  • To discuss vitamin D supplementation strategies.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of studies on vitamin D status and health outcomes.
  • Analysis of evidence regarding serum 25(OH)D levels and their impact.
  • Synthesis of current recommendations and supplementation approaches.

Main Results:

  • Serum 25(OH)D levels of at least 50 nmol/L are needed for musculoskeletal health.
  • Levels above 75 nmol/L may be required for optimal musculoskeletal and extraskeletal benefits.
  • Inadequate vitamin D status prevalence is high and influenced by environmental factors.

Conclusions:

  • Defining optimal vitamin D status requires further research, particularly concerning extraskeletal effects.
  • Current evidence suggests higher 25(OH)D levels may be beneficial beyond basic bone health.
  • Personalized supplementation strategies should consider individual needs and risk factors.