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Related Concept Videos

Drug toxicity: Drug–Drug Interaction01:30

Drug toxicity: Drug–Drug Interaction

Drug–drug interactions can precipitate toxicity through multiple mechanisms. Absorption interactions alter how drugs enter the body, exemplified when ranitidine increases the absorption of basic drugs, while cholestyramine decreases the levels of propranolol. Protein binding interactions occur when drugs share the same binding sites on plasma proteins. Drugs like aspirin and warfarin, when bound in excess, can lead to increased free drug concentrations, enhancing the potential for...
Pharmacokinetics: Drug–Drug Interactions01:25

Pharmacokinetics: Drug–Drug Interactions

Drug interactions occur when the pharmacological effect of one drug is altered by another substance, either enhancing or diminishing its activity. The drug whose activity is altered is known as the object drug, and the substance causing the alteration is called the agent drug or the precipitant. The net effects of these interactions are mostly undesirable, leading to decreased effectiveness or increased adverse effects. In rare cases, interactions can be beneficial, such as the enhanced...
Pharmacokinetics: Drug–Food and Drug–Viral Interactions01:26

Pharmacokinetics: Drug–Food and Drug–Viral Interactions

A drug interaction occurs when the concurrent use of another drug, food, or an external substance alters the pharmacological activity of a drug. This interaction can modify the action of the original drug, affecting its effectiveness and safety.Drug–food interactions are significant as they impact drug absorption, metabolism, and excretion. For example, grapefruit juice is a well-known disruptor of drug metabolism. It inhibits the cytochrome P450 3A4 enzyme, crucial for the metabolism of many...
Agonism and Antagonism: Quantification01:14

Agonism and Antagonism: Quantification

When drugs are administered, they can elicit either an agonist or antagonist effect on the body. Agonism occurs when a drug activates a specific receptor, triggering a biological response. On the other hand, antagonism happens when a drug binds to the same receptors but blocks their activation, thereby preventing a biological response.
To quantify these effects, researchers use a dose-response curve, which provides valuable information about the potency and efficacy of a drug. Potency refers to...
Combined Effects of Drugs: Synergism01:27

Combined Effects of Drugs: Synergism

Synergism is a useful mechanism where combining two or more drugs is more effective than each constituent used alone. Such combinations are also called supra-additive interactions. The drugs collectively enhance the final therapeutic effect by acting on different targets. Another advantage is that the low dose of each constituent drug is sufficient to achieve the desired effect. This helps reduce the duration of therapy and lower the adverse effects of these drugs.
Such synergistic combinations...
Drug Toxicity: Overview01:00

Drug Toxicity: Overview

Drug toxicity quantifies the harm a compound causes to an organism, varying by dose and potentially impacting whole systems or specific organs like the liver. Toxic reactions may arise from venomous insect or spider bites, with effects ranging from mild symptoms to severe outcomes such as brain damage or death. Common forms of acute poisoning include ethanol intoxication and overdose of pain or fever medications, with substances like GHB and heroin being particularly lethal at doses close to...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 19, 2026

Diagonal Method to Measure Synergy Among Any Number of Drugs
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Diagonal Method to Measure Synergy Among Any Number of Drugs

Published on: June 21, 2018

Botanical-drug interactions: a scientific perspective.

Manuela de Lima Toccafondo Vieira1, Shiew-Mei Huang

  • 1Food and Drug Administration Office of Clinical Pharmacology 10903 New Hampshire Avenue Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA. mtoccafondo@yahoo.com

Planta Medica
|August 7, 2012
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Concurrent use of drugs and botanicals poses risks due to unknown interactions. Healthcare providers face challenges managing these botanical-drug interactions, especially for patients on narrow therapeutic index medications.

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High-throughput Identification of Synergistic Drug Combinations by the Overlap2 Method
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High-throughput Identification of Synergistic Drug Combinations by the Overlap2 Method

Published on: May 21, 2018

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Last Updated: May 19, 2026

Diagonal Method to Measure Synergy Among Any Number of Drugs
12:08

Diagonal Method to Measure Synergy Among Any Number of Drugs

Published on: June 21, 2018

High-throughput Identification of Synergistic Drug Combinations by the Overlap2 Method
07:51

High-throughput Identification of Synergistic Drug Combinations by the Overlap2 Method

Published on: May 21, 2018

Area of Science:

  • Pharmacology
  • Integrative Medicine
  • Drug Safety

Background:

  • Concurrent use of prescription drugs and botanical products is common.
  • Lack of awareness regarding potential botanical-drug interactions poses risks to patient safety.
  • Botanical-drug interactions can be particularly dangerous for medications with a narrow therapeutic index.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the potential for interactions between botanical products and conventional drugs.
  • To discuss pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic bases of these interactions.
  • To highlight FDA experiences and risk management strategies for botanical products.

Main Methods:

  • Review of case reports and clinical studies on botanical-drug interactions.
  • Discussion of pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic mechanisms.
  • Analysis of FDA experiences and regulatory approaches.

Main Results:

  • Botanical-drug interactions present significant safety concerns, especially with narrow therapeutic index drugs like warfarin, cyclosporine, and digoxin.
  • Challenges exist in interpreting data and predicting interactions.
  • FDA is implementing labeling strategies to manage risks associated with botanical products.

Conclusions:

  • Healthcare providers must be aware of potential botanical-drug interactions to ensure patient safety.
  • Further research and clear labeling are crucial for managing risks associated with concurrent use of drugs and botanicals.
  • Proactive risk management strategies are needed to address the complexities of botanical-drug interactions.