Search research articles

ABOUT JoVE

Overview Leadership Blog JoVE Help Center

AUTHORS

Publishing Process Editorial Board Scope & Policies Peer Review FAQ Submit

LIBRARIANS

Testimonials Subscriptions Access Resources Library Advisory Board FAQ

RESEARCH

JoVE Journal Methods Collections JoVE Encyclopedia of Experiments Archive

EDUCATION

JoVE Core JoVE Business JoVE Science Education JoVE Lab Manual Faculty Resource Center Faculty Site

Terms & Conditions of Use

Related Concept Videos

Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder

Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder

Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by persistent inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity. It affects approximately 5-8% of children globally, with around 60-70% of cases persisting into adulthood. ADHD has significant implications for educational attainment, social interactions, and occupational success.
Diagnostic Criteria and Symptoms
To diagnose ADHD, symptoms must manifest before age 12 and be evident across multiple settings.

Increased Intracranial Pressure l: Introduction

Increased Intracranial Pressure l: Introduction

Intracranial hypertension is a sustained elevation of intracranial pressure (ICP) above 22 mm Hg. In supine adults, normal ICP is ~7–15 mm Hg.The rigid, nonexpandable cranium contains three components—brain tissue, blood, and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)—that total ~1,700 mL in a typical adult: 1,400 mL brain (~80%), 150 mL blood (~10%), and 150 mL CSF (~10%). According to the Monro–Kellie doctrine, total intracranial volume is effectively fixed. When one component expands, CSF and venous blood...

Nightmares and Night Terrors

Nightmares and Night Terrors

Nightmares and night terrors represent two distinct types of sleep disturbances that differ in timing, characteristics, and the sleeper's recall of the event. Nightmares are vivid, disturbing dreams that usually awaken the sleeper from REM sleep, a stage of sleep where brain activity is high, and dreams are most frequent. Upon awakening, individuals often have detailed recollections of their nightmares, which can include themes of threats to survival, security, or self-esteem.
Nightmares often...

Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Drug Metabolism

Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Drug Metabolism

In pediatric care, understanding the nuances of hepatic drug metabolism is crucial, as it significantly differs from that of adults. This divergence is primarily due to the developmental stage of drug-metabolizing enzymes, which affects how medications are processed in the body. In neonates, for instance, the activity of Phase I enzymes—critical for the initial breakdown of drugs—is markedly reduced, functioning at just 20–40% of the levels seen in adults. This reduction poses a challenge in...

Increased Intracranial Pressure ll: Pathophysiology

Increased Intracranial Pressure ll: Pathophysiology

Increased intracranial pressure (ICP) refers to a potentially life-threatening rise in pressure inside the skull. This usually happens when there is a major change in the volume of brain tissue, blood, or cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) — the three components inside the skull. According to the Monro-Kellie doctrine, if the volume of one component increases, the volumes of the other components must decrease to maintain normal pressure. If this does not happen, ICP rises.The process often begins with...

Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Overview and Drug Absorption

Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Overview and Drug Absorption

Understanding the physiological differences in the pediatric population is crucial for effective pharmacotherapy. Neonates, infants, and children exhibit significant variations in gastric pH, gastric emptying time, intestinal transit time, and biliary function. These variations profoundly affect oral drug absorption, necessitating a nuanced approach to pediatric dosing.Neonates present with a unique physiological profile, having a gastric pH greater than 4 and faster and more irregular gastric...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by

Same author

Persistent aura without infarction.

Current opinion in neurology·2025

Same author

Intranasal ketorolac versus intravenous ketorolac for treatment of migraine headaches in children: A randomized clinical trial.

Academic emergency medicine : official journal of the Society for Academic Emergency Medicine·2021

Same author

Editorial: A 2021 update on migraine.

Current opinion in neurology·2021

Same author

Medication overuse headache.

Current opinion in neurology·2021

Same author

Reappraising the Tolosa-Hunt Syndrome Diagnostic Criteria: A Case Series.

Headache·2019

Same author

An academic debate: OnabotulinumtoxinA for chronic migraine: PREEMPT-derived vs "customized" dosing/injection paradigm.

Toxicon : official journal of the International Society on Toxinology·2018

Same journal

Key Considerations in Telestroke Program Management.

Continuum (Minneapolis, Minn.)·2026

Same journal

Neurology's Action Potential: Delivering on the Promise of Brain Health.

Continuum (Minneapolis, Minn.)·2026

Same journal

Erratum.

Continuum (Minneapolis, Minn.)·2026

Same journal

Management of Large Artery Atherosclerosis.

Continuum (Minneapolis, Minn.)·2026

Same journal

Thrombolysis, Thrombectomy, and Antithrombotic Therapy for Acute Ischemic Stroke.

Continuum (Minneapolis, Minn.)·2026

Same journal

Stroke in Children and Younger Adults.

Continuum (Minneapolis, Minn.)·2026

See all related articles

Search research articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 19, 2026

3D-Neuronavigation In Vivo Through a Patient's Brain During a Spontaneous Migraine Headache

3D-Neuronavigation In Vivo Through a Patient's Brain During a Spontaneous Migraine Headache

Published on: June 2, 2014

Headaches in children.

Shannon E Babineau¹, Mark W Green

¹Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA. shannon.babineau@mssm.edu

Continuum (Minneapolis, Minn.)

|August 8, 2012

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Pediatric headaches, especially migraines, differ from adult presentations and can be underdiagnosed. Diagnosis and treatment require adapted approaches for children, focusing on biobehavioral methods and modified adult medications.

More Related Videos

An Investigation of the Effects of Sports-related Concussion in Youth Using Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging and the Head Impact Telemetry System

An Investigation of the Effects of Sports-related Concussion in Youth Using Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging and the Head Impact Telemetry System

Published on: January 12, 2011

A Pediatric Concussion Model in Mice: Closed Head Injury with Long-Term Disorders (CHILD)

A Pediatric Concussion Model in Mice: Closed Head Injury with Long-Term Disorders (CHILD)

Published on: February 7, 2025

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 19, 2026

3D-Neuronavigation In Vivo Through a Patient's Brain During a Spontaneous Migraine Headache

3D-Neuronavigation In Vivo Through a Patient's Brain During a Spontaneous Migraine Headache

Published on: June 2, 2014

An Investigation of the Effects of Sports-related Concussion in Youth Using Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging and the Head Impact Telemetry System

An Investigation of the Effects of Sports-related Concussion in Youth Using Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging and the Head Impact Telemetry System

Published on: January 12, 2011

A Pediatric Concussion Model in Mice: Closed Head Injury with Long-Term Disorders (CHILD)

A Pediatric Concussion Model in Mice: Closed Head Injury with Long-Term Disorders (CHILD)

Published on: February 7, 2025

Area of Science:

Neurology
Pediatrics
Headache Medicine

Background:

Pediatric headaches are common but frequently underdiagnosed.
Primary headache syndromes, particularly migraine, exhibit distinct characteristics in children compared to adults.
Existing classification criteria for pediatric headaches are often insufficient, complicating diagnosis.

Purpose of the Study:

To delineate the epidemiological, clinical presentation, and therapeutic distinctions between pediatric and adult headaches.
To propose revised classifications for pediatric migraine and ophthalmoplegic migraine.
To re-evaluate the differentiation between basilar migraine and migraine with aura in pediatric populations.

Main Methods:

Comparative review of pediatric and adult headache epidemiology.
Analysis of diagnostic criteria and classification systems for pediatric headache disorders.
Evaluation of current treatment strategies for pediatric headaches, including pharmacologic and non-pharmacologic interventions.

Main Results:

New classifications are proposed for pediatric migraine and ophthalmoplegic migraine.
The distinction between basilar migraine and migraine with aura is re-examined.
Significant differences in presentation and diagnosis challenges are noted in pediatric versus adult headache sufferers.

Conclusions:

Pediatric headache is a prevalent, yet often overlooked, condition.
Migraine and other primary headache syndromes manifest uniquely in children.
Effective management involves biobehavioral strategies and tailored application of adult treatment protocols.