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Related Concept Videos

Bone Remodeling01:40

Bone Remodeling

Bone remodeling is a continuous and balanced process of bone resorption by osteoclasts and bone formation by osteoblasts. In adults, it helps maintain bone mass and calcium homeostasis. While mechanical stress can stimulate turnover as part of the normal maintenance and reparative process, several hormones also regulate bone remodeling.
Osteoclasts in Bone Remodeling01:31

Osteoclasts in Bone Remodeling

Osteoclasts are cells responsible for bone resorption and remodeling. They originate from hematopoietic progenitor cells present in the bone marrow. Numerous progenitor cells fuse to form multinucleated cells, each with 10-20 nuclei. A single osteoclast has a diameter of 150 to 200 µM. These cells have ruffled borders that break down the underlying bone tissue and release minerals such as calcium into the blood in bone resorption. Osteoclasts cling to bones with their ruffled edges during bone...
Bone Remodeling and Repair01:31

Bone Remodeling and Repair

Osteoclasts are cells responsible for bone resorption and remodeling. They originate from hematopoietic progenitor cells present in the bone marrow. Numerous progenitor cells fuse to form multinucleated cells, each with 10-20 nuclei. A single osteoclast has a diameter of 150 to 200 µM. These cells have ruffled borders that break down the underlying bone tissue and release minerals such as calcium into the blood in bone resorption. Osteoclasts cling to bones with their ruffled edges during bone...
Fractures: Bone Repair01:27

Fractures: Bone Repair

Treatment for a fracture is based on the type of break, the bone affected, and the patient's age.
Minor fractures with no bone displacement are treated by immobilizing the fractured bone using a cast or splint. However, in the case of fractures with displaced bones, the broken bones are repositioned before immobilization to ensure successful healing without deformation and loss of function. The realignment of fractured bone ends is performed through a process called reduction. If the procedure...
Bone Disorders01:29

Bone Disorders

Aging and its effect on bone remodeling is the most common cause of bone disorders. In young and healthy people, bone deposition and resorption happen at an equal rate to maintain optimal bone health.
Bone deposition is also affected by the levels of sex hormones like estrogen and testosterone that promote osteoblast activity and bone matrix synthesis. When the level of these hormones decreases due to aging, it causes a reduction in bone deposition. As a result, bone resorption by osteoclasts...
Bone Formation by Endochondral Ossification01:24

Bone Formation by Endochondral Ossification

Bone formation, or ossification, begins around the sixth to seventh week of embryonic development. Most bones develop from a cartilaginous template through the process of endochondral ossification. Cartilage formation begins when clusters of mesenchymal cells differentiate into chondrocytes. These chondrocytes proliferate rapidly and secrete an extracellular matrix that becomes encased in a membrane called the perichondrium. The resulting cartilage model provides a template that resembles the...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 19, 2026

An Ex Vivo Tissue Culture Model of Cartilage Remodeling in Bovine Knee Explants
07:10

An Ex Vivo Tissue Culture Model of Cartilage Remodeling in Bovine Knee Explants

Published on: November 3, 2019

Bone remodelling in osteoarthritis.

David B Burr1, Maxime A Gallant

  • 1Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, MS 5035, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA. dburr@iupui.edu

Nature Reviews. Rheumatology
|August 8, 2012
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Osteoarthritis (OA) involves early bone loss and remodeling, followed by late-stage subchondral bone densification. Both phases are crucial for joint degeneration in OA pathogenesis.

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Standardized Histomorphometric Evaluation of Osteoarthritis in a Surgical Mouse Model
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Standardized Histomorphometric Evaluation of Osteoarthritis in a Surgical Mouse Model

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Last Updated: May 19, 2026

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Published on: November 3, 2019

Standardized Histomorphometric Evaluation of Osteoarthritis in a Surgical Mouse Model
07:32

Standardized Histomorphometric Evaluation of Osteoarthritis in a Surgical Mouse Model

Published on: May 6, 2020

Area of Science:

  • Orthopedics
  • Rheumatology
  • Bone Biology

Background:

  • Classical osteoarthritis (OA) views link subchondral sclerosis to joint degeneration.
  • Recent findings reveal OA involves early bone loss and increased remodeling, preceding late-stage subchondral densification.
  • Subchondral bone changes, including osteopenia and sclerosis, play complex roles in OA initiation and progression.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review current knowledge on osteoarthritis pathogenesis.
  • To discuss the specific role of subchondral bone in OA initiation and progression.
  • To propose a hypothetical model for OA pathogenesis.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of osteoarthritis pathogenesis.
  • Analysis of experimental models of OA.
  • Synthesis of spatial and temporal bone remodeling data in OA.

Main Results:

  • OA pathogenesis involves distinct early and late phases of subchondral bone changes.
  • Early OA shows increased bone remodeling and osteopenia.
  • Late OA is characterized by slow remodeling and subchondral plate densification.

Conclusions:

  • Osteoarthritis pathogenesis is a dynamic process involving both bone loss and sclerosis.
  • Subchondral bone remodeling dynamics are critical for OA development.
  • A revised understanding of subchondral bone's role is essential for OA research.