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Updated: May 19, 2026

Examination of Oral Candida Infection in Primary Sjögren's Syndrome Patients
Published on: March 1, 2024
Current Aspects of Pathogenesis in Sjögren's Syndrome
Michael Voulgarelis1, Athanasios G Tzioufas
1Department of Pathophysiology, Medical School, National University of Athens, Greece.
Abstract:
Sjögren's syndrome is a chronic autoimmune process that primarily affects the exocrine glands and leads to their functional impairment. The exocrine gland involvement is characterized by a focal, mononuclear cell infiltrate which is accumulated around ducts and, in some patients, extends and replaces the secretory functional units. The mechanisms of this autoimmune 'exocrinopathy' are not fully understood. The immune attack that follows activation or apoptosis of glandular epithelial cells exposing autoantigens in genetically predisposed individuals may drive the immune-mediated tissue injury. Abnormalities related to the upregulation of type I interferon-regulated genes (interferon signature), abnormal expression of B-cell-activating factor (BAFF) and activation of the IL-23/TH17 pathway are among the immune mediators implicated in the pathogenesis of autoimmune lesions within the salivary glands. Such abnormalities demonstrate the complex interplay between innate and adaptive immunity that contributes to autoimmune 'exocrinopathy'.
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