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Related Concept Videos

Cytomegalovirus Disease01:27

Cytomegalovirus Disease

Cytomegalovirus (CMV) disease is caused by human cytomegalovirus, a double-stranded DNA virus of the Herpesviridae family. While primary CMV infection is often asymptomatic in immunocompetent individuals, the virus can cause severe disease in neonates and immunocompromised patients. CMV is the most common cause of congenital viral infection in the United States, and a major pathogen in solid organ and hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients.CMV is transmitted via bodily fluids, sexual...
Retroviruses02:33

Retroviruses

Retroviruses and retrotransposons both insert copies of their genetic elements into the genome of the host cell. Thus, the viral genes are passed on when the host genome is replicated or translated. A typical retroviral DNA sequence contains 3-4 genes that encode the different proteins required for its structural assembly and function as a molecular parasite. This DNA is transcribed into a single mRNA, which is very similar in structure to conventional mRNAs, i.e., it is capped at the 5’...
Immunodeficiency Diseases01:25

Immunodeficiency Diseases

Immunodeficiency disorders are conditions in which the immune system's ability to fight infectious disease and cancer is compromised or entirely absent. The immune system comprises a complex network of cells, tissues, and organs that work together to protect the body from potentially harmful invaders. When this system is deficient or not functioning properly, it leaves the body susceptible to infections, diseases, or other complications.
There are three main causes of immunodeficiency disorders...
Tumor Progression02:07

Tumor Progression

Tumor progression is a phenomenon where the pre-formed tumor acquires successive mutations to become clinically more aggressive and malignant. In the 1950s, Foulds first described the stepwise progression of cancer cells through successive stages.
Colon cancer is one of the best-documented examples of tumor progression. Early mutation in the APC gene in colon cells causes a small growth on the colon wall called a polyp. With time, this polyp grows into a benign, pre-cancerous tumor. Further...
Tumor Progression02:07

Tumor Progression

Tumor progression is a phenomenon where the pre-formed tumor acquires successive mutations to become clinically more aggressive and malignant. In the 1950s, Foulds first described the stepwise progression of cancer cells through successive stages.
Colon cancer is one of the best-documented examples of tumor progression. Early mutation in the APC gene in colon cells causes a small growth on the colon wall called a polyp. With time, this polyp grows into a benign, pre-cancerous tumor. Further...
Infectious Diseases and Their Occurrence01:28

Infectious Diseases and Their Occurrence

Infectious diseases appear in populations through various transmission patterns, influenced by pathogen characteristics, population immunity, environmental conditions, and social behavior. Understanding these patterns is essential for effective public health surveillance and intervention. These categories—sporadic, outbreak, epidemic, pandemic, and endemic—help frame the nature and scope of disease events.Sporadic diseases occur irregularly and infrequently, without a predictable temporal or...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 19, 2026

Prediction of HIV-1 Coreceptor Usage (Tropism) by Sequence Analysis using a Genotypic Approach
07:06

Prediction of HIV-1 Coreceptor Usage (Tropism) by Sequence Analysis using a Genotypic Approach

Published on: December 1, 2011

Correlation of coreceptor usage and disease progression.

Chris Verhofstede1, Monique Nijhuis, Linos Vandekerckhove

  • 1AIDS Reference Laboratory, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.

Current Opinion in HIV and AIDS
|August 9, 2012
PubMed
Summary

Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infections often start with CCR5-using viruses. CXCR4-using variants emerge later, correlating with faster disease progression, though their exact drivers remain unclear.

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Genotypic Inference of HIV-1 Tropism Using Population-based Sequencing of V3
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Chronic, Acute, and Reactivated HIV Infection in Humanized Immunodeficient Mouse Models

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Last Updated: May 19, 2026

Prediction of HIV-1 Coreceptor Usage (Tropism) by Sequence Analysis using a Genotypic Approach
07:06

Prediction of HIV-1 Coreceptor Usage (Tropism) by Sequence Analysis using a Genotypic Approach

Published on: December 1, 2011

Genotypic Inference of HIV-1 Tropism Using Population-based Sequencing of V3
11:10

Genotypic Inference of HIV-1 Tropism Using Population-based Sequencing of V3

Published on: December 27, 2010

Chronic, Acute, and Reactivated HIV Infection in Humanized Immunodeficient Mouse Models
09:54

Chronic, Acute, and Reactivated HIV Infection in Humanized Immunodeficient Mouse Models

Published on: December 3, 2019

Area of Science:

  • Virology
  • Immunology
  • Pathogenesis

Background:

  • Primary HIV-1 infection typically involves viruses utilizing the CCR5 coreceptor.
  • Viral variants capable of binding CXCR4 emerge in approximately 50% of individuals during infection.
  • Emergence of CXCR4-using viruses is linked to accelerated disease progression.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide a historical overview of the discovery linking viral phenotype, coreceptor tropism, and HIV-1 pathogenesis.
  • To review available data on coreceptor usage throughout the stages of HIV-1 infection.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review and historical analysis of research on HIV-1 coreceptor tropism.

Main Results:

  • Prevalence of CXCR4-using viruses varies significantly (2.0%–63.0%) across studies.
  • X4 prevalence is lowest in early infection (seroconverters) and highest in late-stage disease.
  • Current evidence does not support a significant impact of coreceptor tropism on antiretroviral therapy response or vice versa.

Conclusions:

  • CXCR4-using HIV-1 variants emerge during infection, but the underlying mechanisms driving this switch are largely unknown.
  • Further research is needed to elucidate the forces and mechanisms behind coreceptor switching in HIV-1 infection.