Search research articles

ABOUT JoVE

Overview Leadership Blog JoVE Help Center

AUTHORS

Publishing Process Editorial Board Scope & Policies Peer Review FAQ Submit

LIBRARIANS

Testimonials Subscriptions Access Resources Library Advisory Board FAQ

RESEARCH

JoVE Journal Methods Collections JoVE Encyclopedia of Experiments Archive

EDUCATION

JoVE Core JoVE Business JoVE Science Education JoVE Lab Manual Faculty Resource Center Faculty Site

Terms & Conditions of Use

Related Concept Videos

Bacterial Meningitis I: Introduction

Bacterial Meningitis I: Introduction

Bacterial meningitis is a severe, life-threatening inflammation of the meninges, particularly the pia mater and arachnoid mater, affecting the subarachnoid space, ventricles, and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). If untreated, it can lead to significant neurological complications or death.Causative AgentsCommon pathogens vary with age and immune status. In adults, major organisms include Streptococcus pneumoniae, Neisseria meningitidis, and Haemophilus influenzae. Streptococcus agalactiae (group B...

Viral Meningitis

Viral Meningitis

Viral meningitis is the most common form of meningitis and is often referred to as aseptic meningitis to indicate the absence of bacterial involvement. It is generally milder than bacterial meningitis, with symptoms including fever, headache, stiff neck, drowsiness, nausea, photophobia, and vomiting. Rarely, more severe manifestations or death may occur. Common causative agents include enteroviruses, particularly coxsackie A and B viruses and echoviruses, all members of the Enterovirus genus...

Bacterial Meningitis II: Pathophysiology

Bacterial Meningitis II: Pathophysiology

Bacterial meningitis typically begins when pathogens such as Neisseria meningitidis and Streptococcus pneumoniae colonize the nasopharynx and invade the bloodstream. This process is facilitated by bacterial virulence factors, such as polysaccharide capsules, which resist phagocytosis and complement-mediated killing. Less commonly, bacteria reach the central nervous system via contiguous spread from infections like otitis media or sinusitis, through congenital or acquired dural defects, or...

Drug Dosing: Infants and Children

Drug Dosing: Infants and Children

Pediatric patient dosages diverge from adults due to disparities in body surface area, total body water, and extracellular fluid per kilogram of body weight. The dosing regimen considers the variations in pharmacokinetics and pharmacology across distinct age groups, encompassing preterm newborns, infants, young children, older children, and adolescents. Calculation of pediatric patient doses is predicated on determining body surface area, which exhibits a superior correlation with the child's...

Development of Immunocompetence

Development of Immunocompetence

The initiation of cell-mediated immunity can be observed as early as the third month of fetal growth, with active antibody-mediated immunity following approximately one month later.
The initial cells that migrate from the fetal thymus settle within the skin and epithelial tissues lining the mouth, digestive tract, and in females, the uterus and vagina. These cells, including skin-based dendritic cells, serve as antigen-presenting cells, playing a key role in T cell activation.
Subsequent T...

Vaccinations

Vaccinations

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by

Same author

US Preventive Services Task Force: What Does the Future Hold?

American family physician·2026

Same author

Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices Standards for Assessing Evidence.

JAMA·2025

Same author

Practice Alert: Meningococcal Vaccines.

American family physician·2025

Same author

Practice Alert: Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccines Approved for Adults.

American family physician·2025

Same author

Practice Alert: CDC Guidelines on Doxycycline for STI Postexposure Prophylaxis.

American family physician·2024

Same author

Use of 21-Valent Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine Among U.S. Adults: Recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices - United States, 2024.

MMWR. Morbidity and mortality weekly report·2024

Search research articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 19, 2026

Inducing Meningococcal Meningitis Serogroup C in Mice via Intracisternal Delivery

Inducing Meningococcal Meningitis Serogroup C in Mice via Intracisternal Delivery

Published on: November 5, 2019

Meningococcal vaccine for infants?

Doug Campos-Outcalt¹

¹Department of Family, Community and Preventive Medicine, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Phoenix, AZ, USA.

The Journal of Family Practice

|August 9, 2012

Summary

The Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) is reviewing the necessity of meningococcal vaccination for infants under two years old. This reconsideration follows a significant decrease in meningococcal disease across all age demographics.

Area of Science:

Epidemiology
Vaccinology
Pediatrics

Background:

Meningococcal disease incidence has notably declined across all age groups.
Current vaccination guidelines are being re-evaluated in light of this epidemiological shift.

Purpose of the Study:

To assess the ongoing need for routine meningococcal vaccination in children younger than two years.
To inform potential revisions to immunization schedules for infants and toddlers.

Main Methods:

Review of recent epidemiological data on meningococcal disease trends.
Analysis of vaccine effectiveness and safety data in young children.
Consultation with immunization experts and public health officials.

Main Results:

More Related Videos

Induction of Leptomeningeal Cells Modification Via Intracisternal Injection

Induction of Leptomeningeal Cells Modification Via Intracisternal Injection

Published on: May 7, 2020

Intracerebroventricular and Intravascular Injection of Viral Particles and Fluorescent Microbeads into the Neonatal Brain

Intracerebroventricular and Intravascular Injection of Viral Particles and Fluorescent Microbeads into the Neonatal Brain

Published on: July 24, 2016

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 19, 2026

Inducing Meningococcal Meningitis Serogroup C in Mice via Intracisternal Delivery

Inducing Meningococcal Meningitis Serogroup C in Mice via Intracisternal Delivery

Published on: November 5, 2019

Induction of Leptomeningeal Cells Modification Via Intracisternal Injection

Induction of Leptomeningeal Cells Modification Via Intracisternal Injection

Published on: May 7, 2020

Intracerebroventricular and Intravascular Injection of Viral Particles and Fluorescent Microbeads into the Neonatal Brain

Intracerebroventricular and Intravascular Injection of Viral Particles and Fluorescent Microbeads into the Neonatal Brain

Published on: July 24, 2016

Significant reduction in overall meningococcal disease rates observed.
Data suggests a potential shift in the balance of benefits and risks for infant vaccination.

Conclusions:

The Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices is reconsidering the recommendation for meningococcal vaccines in children under two.
Further evaluation is needed to determine optimal vaccination strategies for this age group amidst declining disease incidence.