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Diabetic Retinopathy

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DefinitionDiabetic retinopathy is a microvascular complication of diabetes affecting the retinal blood vessels.Risk FactorsDiabetic retinopathy is present in almost all individuals with type 1 diabetes and more than 60% of those with type 2 diabetes after two decades of disease.The risk increases with poor glycemic control, hypertension, dyslipidemia, smoking, pregnancy, and puberty.Although cataracts and glaucoma are also more frequent in people with diabetes, retinopathy remains the leading...

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Type 2 diabetes mellitus develops gradually and is often asymptomatic in early stages.Clinical ManifestationsWhen symptoms appear, they include fatigue, blurred vision, pruritus, delayed wound healing, and recurrent infections, particularly candidal infections. Peripheral neuropathy may present as numbness or tingling in the extremities. Classic hyperglycemia symptoms—polyuria, polydipsia, and polyphagia—are less common. Most patients are overweight and frequently have associated hypertension...

Diabetic Nephropathy

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Definition Diabetic nephropathy is a chronic kidney complication that results from prolonged hyperglycemia.Prevalence It is the most common cause of chronic kidney disease (CKD) and end-stage renal disease (ESRD) worldwide, affecting up to half of individuals with diabetes.Pathophysiology • Sustained hyperglycemia triggers multiple hemodynamic and metabolic changes in the kidney. • Early in the disease, increased renal blood flow and glomerular hyperfiltration occur due to afferent arteriolar...

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Type 1 diabetes mellitus arises from an immune-mediated destruction of pancreatic β-cells, resulting in an absolute deficiency of insulin. This process develops in genetically susceptible individuals when autoimmunity, environmental exposures, and immunologic dysregulation converge to trigger a targeted attack on the insulin-producing cells of the pancreas. The β-cells are located within the islets of Langerhans and are essential for regulating blood glucose by facilitating cellular uptake of...

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For most patients, experiencing several weeks of polyuria, polydipsia, fatigue, and significant weight loss may indicate the presence of diabetes. Furthermore, adults displaying the phenotypic appearance of type 2 diabetes (particularly those who are obese and not initially insulin-requiring), may have islet cell autoantibodies, suggesting autoimmune-mediated β cell destruction and a diagnosis of latent autoimmune diabetes of adults (LADA). The categorization of glucose homeostasis is based on...

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Updated: May 19, 2026

An Assay to Detect Protection of the Retinal Vasculature from Diabetes-Related Death in Mice

An Assay to Detect Protection of the Retinal Vasculature from Diabetes-Related Death in Mice

Published on: January 12, 2024

Associations between local retinal thickness and function in early diabetes.

Kavita P Dhamdhere¹, Marcus A Bearse, Wendy Harrison

¹University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720-2020, USA. drkpd@berkeley.edu

Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science

|August 9, 2012

Summary

Local retinal function and thickness are not associated in diabetic patients without retinopathy. Optical coherence tomography (OCT) measurements do not predict multifocal electroretinography (mfERG) findings in early diabetes. Type 2 diabetes shows worse neuroretinal function.

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Published on: October 23, 2020

Area of Science:

Ophthalmology
Diabetic Retinopathy Research
Neuroscience

Background:

Diabetes mellitus can affect retinal neuroretinal function and structure.
Early detection of functional and structural changes is crucial for managing diabetic eye disease.
Multifocal electroretinography (mfERG) assesses local retinal function, while optical coherence tomography (OCT) measures retinal thickness.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate spatial associations between local neuroretinal function (mfERG) and local retinal thickness (OCT) in patients with diabetes but no retinopathy.
To determine if OCT measurements can serve as a surrogate for mfERG in early diabetes.

Main Methods:

mfERG and OCT were used to assess 45 patients with diabetes (Type 1 and Type 2) and 29 controls.
Local mfERG (N1-P1 amplitude and P1 implicit time) and OCT retinal thickness were compared within spatially corresponding areas.
Abnormalities were defined statistically, and group differences were analyzed using t-tests.

Main Results:

No significant local associations were found between retinal thickness and mfERG measures in any group, even in abnormal retinal locations.
Patients with Type 2 diabetes exhibited reduced mfERG amplitude and prolonged implicit time compared to controls and Type 1 diabetes patients.
While most measures showed greater abnormalities in diabetic groups, Type 1 diabetes patients did not show significant retinal thinning compared to controls.

Conclusions:

Local retinal thickness measured by OCT is not a reliable surrogate for local neuroretinal function assessed by mfERG in diabetic patients without retinopathy.
Neuroretinal function is significantly impaired in Type 2 diabetes compared to Type 1 diabetes and healthy controls.
The study highlights a dissociation between structure and function in early diabetic retinopathy.