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Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones01:20

Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones

Low blood levels of the thyroid hormones — triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) — signal the hypothalamus to release the thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH). TRH then reaches the pituitary gland and stimulates the release of thyroid-stimulating hormone(TSH) into the bloodstream.
Upon reaching the thyroid gland, TSH stimulates the follicular cells' active uptake of iodide ions from the blood. The ions diffuse to the apical surface of the cells and are oxidized to iodine. The iodine is then...
Functions of Thyroid Hormones01:18

Functions of Thyroid Hormones

The thyroid hormone (TH) plays a pivotal role in the intricate orchestration of physiological processes, exerting profound effects on development, metabolism, and homeostasis throughout different life stages.
TH is indispensable for the normal development and maturation of the skeletal, muscular, and nervous systems during fetal and childhood growth. It facilitates bone mineral turnover and regulates protein synthesis in developing tissues, contributing significantly to overall growth and...
Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology01:27

Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology

Hyperthyroidism is a hypermetabolic state caused by elevated levels of thyroid hormones, triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). It results from dysregulation at the thyroid, pituitary, or immune system level and affects multiple organ systems.PathophysiologyThe most common cause of hyperthyroidism is Graves’ disease, an autoimmune disorder in which antibodies, specifically thyroid-stimulating antibodies (TSAb), a subtype of TSH receptor antibodies (TRAb), bind to and activate TSH receptors...
Hypothyroidism II: Pathophysiology01:23

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Hypothyroidism is a disorder characterized by insufficient production of thyroid hormones, which regulate metabolism, energy balance, and multiple organ systems.TypesHypothyroidism is classified based on the level of dysfunction. Primary hypothyroidism results from intrinsic thyroid gland dysfunction, causing reduced hormone production despite normal or increased stimulation. Secondary hypothyroidism arises from inadequate thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) secretion by the pituitary. Tertiary...
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Genetic polymorphisms in drug targets have emerged as critical determinants of interindividual variability in drug response and toxicity. Pharmacogenomic investigations increasingly focus on identifying these variations to personalize and optimize therapeutic interventions. A drug target may be a receptor, enzyme, or signaling protein involved in pharmacologic responses or disease-related pathways. While early pharmacogenetic studies focused primarily on drug metabolism, current research...
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Hyperthyroidism is a type of thyrotoxicosis characterized by the thyroid gland's overproduction of the thyroid hormones triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). This hormone excess increases the basal metabolic rate and enhances sensitivity to catecholamines.DiagnosisDiagnosis is based on clinical features and biochemical testing. It typically shows suppressed thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels below 0.4 mIU/L, with elevated free T3 and/or T4. Additional tests, including thyroid...

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Anaerobic Protein Purification and Kinetic Analysis via Oxygen Electrode for Studying DesB Dioxygenase Activity and Inhibition
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Iodothyronine deiodinases: a functional and evolutionary perspective.

Aurea Orozco1, Carlos Valverde-R, Aurora Olvera

  • 1Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Boulevard Juriquilla, Juriquilla, Querétaro, México. aureao@servidor.unam.mx

The Journal of Endocrinology
|August 9, 2012
PubMed
Summary

Deiodinases, crucial for thyroid hormone metabolism, evolved before vertebrate thyroidal systems (TS). This review details their ancient origins and diversification, highlighting D1 as the oldest and D2 as the most recent deiodinase.

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Area of Science:

  • Evolutionary biology
  • Endocrinology
  • Biochemistry

Background:

  • Deiodinases are key enzymes in thyroidal systems (TS), regulating iodinated messengers.
  • Understanding deiodinase evolution is crucial for comprehending TS functional diversification.
  • Deiodination is the final common physiological step in TS regulation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the evolutionary pathway of deiodinases.
  • To explore the functional diversification of vertebrate deiodinases.
  • To elucidate the role of deiodinases in the emergence and expansion of TS.

Main Methods:

  • Review and summarization of existing scientific literature on deiodinases.
  • Phylogenetic analysis of deiodinase genes.
  • Integration of information on deiodination and TS evolution.

Main Results:

  • Deiodination of tyrosine metabolites is an ancient trait predating vertebrate TS.
  • Phylogenetic analysis suggests D1 is the oldest vertebrate deiodinase.
  • D2 is identified as the most recent deiodinase gene, critical for neurogenesis.

Conclusions:

  • Deiodinases played a pivotal role in the evolution of TS.
  • The diversification of deiodinases parallels the expansion of TS regulatory networks in vertebrates.
  • Deiodinases are fundamental to understanding thyroidal system evolution and function.