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Related Concept Videos

Pharmacokinetics in Geriatric Patients: Effect of Age on Drug Excretion01:18

Pharmacokinetics in Geriatric Patients: Effect of Age on Drug Excretion

In geriatric patients, renal physiology undergoes significant changes, including diminished renal blood flow and a lower glomerular filtration rate (GFR), leading to alterations in medication clearance. Drugs such as aminoglycoside antibiotics, lithium, and digoxin, which rely on glomerular filtration for removal from the body, particularly impact pharmacokinetics. These drugs tend to have slower clearance rates in older adults, necessitating careful dosage considerations.Evaluation of renal...
Pharmacokinetics in Geriatric Patients: Effect of Age on Drug Metabolism01:18

Pharmacokinetics in Geriatric Patients: Effect of Age on Drug Metabolism

Geriatric patients show significant variation in how their bodies process medications, which can change how effective and safe treatments are. The liver is the primary organ where drug metabolism occurs, involving two main types of chemical reactions: phase I and II. Phase I metabolism is driven by the cytochrome P450 enzyme system, which includes key types such as CYP3A, CYP2D6, and CYP2C9. Research indicates that while aging doesn't notably alter the levels or activity of these enzymes, it...
Pharmacokinetics in Geriatric Patients: Effect of Age on Drug Distribution01:00

Pharmacokinetics in Geriatric Patients: Effect of Age on Drug Distribution

Drug distribution in the human body is influenced by several factors, including plasma protein concentration, body composition, blood flow, tissue-protein concentration, and tissue fluid pH. Among these, changes in plasma protein concentration and body composition due to aging significantly affect how drugs are distributed within the body. Specifically, aging is associated with a decrease in albumin levels by about 10% and an increase in α1-acid glycoprotein levels. These alterations are not...
Pharmacokinetics in Geriatric Patients: Effect of Age on Drug Absorption01:22

Pharmacokinetics in Geriatric Patients: Effect of Age on Drug Absorption

As individuals age, their body's physiology evolves, affecting drug pharmacokinetics. The most apparent changes occur in the gastrointestinal tract, where an increase in gastric pH, a delay in gastric emptying, and a reduction in gastrointestinal motility are observed. Remarkably, these changes do not substantially modify the absorption of orally administered drugs, particularly those absorbed via passive diffusion.Transdermal drug delivery emerges as a highly viable method for older adults due...
Drug Dosing: Geriatric Patients01:15

Drug Dosing: Geriatric Patients

Elderly individuals encompass a diverse population with varying degrees of age-related physiological changes. Defining the elderly presents challenges, as the geriatric population is often arbitrarily categorized as individuals older than 65. However, many individuals in this group lead active and healthy lives, with an increasing number surpassing 85 years and falling into the older elderly category. Physiological changes associated with aging impact performance capacity and homeostatic...
Pharmacodynamics in Geriatric Patients: Effects of Age01:27

Pharmacodynamics in Geriatric Patients: Effects of Age

Age-related pharmacokinetic changes are extensively documented, but understanding age-related pharmacodynamic alterations is relatively limited. This knowledge gap can be partly attributed to the complexity of developing appropriate measures of drug responses compared to bioanalytical methods for determining drug concentrations.Most information regarding age-related differences in human pharmacodynamics originates from cross-sectional studies. However, these studies assume that observed mean...

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Updated: May 19, 2026

Quantitative Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction Evaluation of MicroRNA Expression in Kidney and Serum of Mice with Age-Dependent Renal Impairment
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Apolipoprotein E and kidney function in older adults.

Rebecca Kurnik Seshasai1, Ronit Katz, Ian H de Boer

  • 1Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA 02111, USA.

Clinical Nephrology
|August 10, 2012
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

The apolipoprotein E ε4 allele is linked to a lower risk of chronic kidney disease (CKD) in older Caucasian adults. This study explored APOE alleles and kidney function in the Cardiovascular Health Study.

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Area of Science:

  • Gerontology
  • Nephrology
  • Genetics

Background:

  • Previous research suggests apolipoprotein E (APOE) ε4 and ε2 alleles may decrease and increase chronic kidney disease (CKD) risks, respectively.
  • Limited data exist on APOE alleles and CKD risk in older adults.
  • This study investigated APOE allele associations with kidney function in elderly participants of the Cardiovascular Health Study (CHS).

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the association between apolipoprotein E (APOE) alleles and kidney function in older adults.
  • To determine if APOE genotype influences the risk of developing chronic kidney disease (CKD) in an elderly population.
  • To assess the relationship between APOE alleles and the progression of kidney disease.

Main Methods:

  • APOE genotyping and serum creatinine/cystatin C measurements were performed on 3,844 Caucasian participants at baseline and 3,226 during follow-up.
  • Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) was estimated using CKD Epidemiology (eGFRcreat) and Cystatin C (eGFRcys) equations.
  • Chronic kidney disease (CKD) was defined as eGFR < 60 ml/min/1.73 m², and rapid progression as annual GFR loss > 3 ml/min/1.73 m².

Main Results:

  • The apolipoprotein E (APOE) ε4 allele was associated with a reduced risk of chronic kidney disease (CKD) (OR, 0.80; 95% CI, 0.68-0.96 per allele) compared to the ε3 allele.
  • These findings were consistent across both eGFRcreat and eGFRcys estimations.
  • No significant association was found between the APOE ε2 allele and CKD risk or between APOE genotype and rapid kidney function decline.

Conclusions:

  • The APOE ε4 allele is associated with a lower likelihood of developing chronic kidney disease (CKD) in elderly Caucasian individuals.
  • Further research is needed to validate these findings in diverse racial groups.
  • Investigating the underlying biological mechanisms for this observed association is warranted.