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Related Concept Videos

Master Transcription Regulators02:23

Master Transcription Regulators

Master transcription regulators are regulatory proteins that are predominantly responsible for regulating the expression of multiple genes. Often these genes work in concert to drive a  complex process. Activation of a master transcription regulator can lead to a cascade of transcriptional activation necessary for that outcome. These regulators can directly bind to the regulatory sequences of the various genes involved, or they can indirectly regulate transcription by binding to regulatory...
GPCRs Regulate Adenylyl Cylase Activity01:09

GPCRs Regulate Adenylyl Cylase Activity

Some GPCRs transmit signals through adenylyl cyclase (AC), a transmembrane enzyme. AC helps synthesize second messenger cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP). AC catalyzes cyclization reaction and converts ATP to cAMP by releasing a pyrophosphate. The pyrophosphate is further hydrolyzed to phosphate by the enzyme pyrophosphatase, which drives cAMP synthesis to completion. However, cAMP is rapidly degraded to 5′ AMP by the enzymes phosphodiesterase (PDE), preventing overstimulation of cells.
Two...
Adrenergic Receptors: ɑ Subtype01:31

Adrenergic Receptors: ɑ Subtype

Adrenoceptors are classified into α and ꞵ classes based on their potencies to catecholamine agonists. α-adrenoceptors show the following order of catecholamine potency:
Adrenaline ≥ Noradrenaline >> Isoprenaline
α-adrenoceptors are further divided into α1 and α2-adrenoceptors.
α1-Adrenoceptors: These receptors are located postsynaptically on the effector organs and cause constriction of smooth muscle mediated by activation of phospholipase C—inositol-1,4,5-trisphosphate...
Cell Specific Gene Expression01:58

Cell Specific Gene Expression

Multicellular organisms contain a variety of structurally and functionally distinct cell types, but the DNA in all the cells originated from the same parent cells. The differences in the cells can be attributed to the differential gene expression. Liver cells, whose functions include detoxification of blood, production of bile to metabolize fats, and synthesis of proteins essential for metabolism, must express a specific set of genes to perform their functions. Gene expression also varies with...
Transducer Mechanism: Nuclear Receptors01:31

Transducer Mechanism: Nuclear Receptors

Nuclear receptors, or NRs, are unique transcription factors that regulate gene transcription and affect the cellular pathways involved in reproduction, development, or metabolism. Their ability to be stimulated by small lipophilic ligands and control vital cellular processes makes them ideal drug targets. Nearly 10-15% of currently prescribed drugs target these receptors.
About 48 different soluble family members of nuclear receptors are identified that can be divided into two main classes:

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 19, 2026

Isolation and Differentiation of Stromal Vascular Cells to Beige/Brite Cells
07:22

Isolation and Differentiation of Stromal Vascular Cells to Beige/Brite Cells

Published on: March 28, 2013

PPARγ isoforms differentially regulate metabolic networks to mediate mouse prostatic epithelial differentiation.

D W Strand1, M Jiang, T A Murphy

  • 1Department of Urologic Surgery, Vanderbilt-Ingram Comprehensive Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University School of Engineering, and Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232-2765, USA.

Cell Death & Disease
|August 10, 2012
PubMed
Summary

PPARγ isoforms regulate prostate metabolism, shifting fuel use from glucose to fatty acids. PPARγ2 enhances differentiation, while PPARγ1 increases tumorigenicity, offering insights into metabolic diseases.

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 19, 2026

Isolation and Differentiation of Stromal Vascular Cells to Beige/Brite Cells
07:22

Isolation and Differentiation of Stromal Vascular Cells to Beige/Brite Cells

Published on: March 28, 2013

Area of Science:

  • Metabolic regulation in prostate epithelial cells.
  • Impact of Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) on prostate health.
  • Interplay between systemic metabolic dysfunction and prostatic diseases.

Background:

  • Prostatic diseases are increasingly linked to systemic metabolic issues.
  • Prostate-specific ablation of PPARγ in mice leads to tumorigenesis and autophagy.
  • Fundamental questions remain about prostate metabolism.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the distinct roles of individual PPARγ isoforms in regulating prostate epithelial cell metabolism.
  • To understand how PPARγ isoforms influence lipogenesis, oxidative stress, and fuel utilization.
  • To explore the impact of PPARγ isoforms on prostate cell differentiation and tumorigenicity.

Main Methods:

  • Ectopic expression of PPARγ1 and PPARγ2 in PPARγ knockout prostate epithelial cells.
  • Analysis of gene expression related to lipogenesis, oxidative stress, and fuel metabolism (e.g., Pdk4, Fabp4, Lpl, Acot1, Cd36).
  • In vivo studies using PPARγ agonist and high-fat diet (HFD) in mice to confirm in vitro findings.

Main Results:

  • Both PPARγ1 and PPARγ2 reduced de novo lipogenesis and oxidative stress, promoting a switch to fatty acid oxidation.
  • PPARγ1 decreased cell differentiation and increased tumorigenicity, while upregulating Scd1 and triglyceride fatty acid desaturation.
  • PPARγ2 increased basal cell differentiation, Scd1 expression, and androgen receptor (AR) expression and responsiveness.
  • In vivo, PPARγ agonization increased prostate differentiation markers, whereas HFD downregulated PPARγ-regulated genes and decreased differentiation.

Conclusions:

  • Individual PPARγ isoforms exert distinct control over prostate epithelial metabolism, differentiation, and tumorigenicity.
  • PPARγ plays a crucial role in metabolic adaptation within the prostate, influencing glucose and fatty acid oxidation.
  • These findings provide a basis for understanding metabolic alterations in benign and malignant prostatic diseases linked to metabolic stress.