Vision of the stylus in a manual aiming task: the effects of practice

Nearly a decade ago, Carlton (1981) showed that in a manual aiming task, vision of the ongoing stylus led to a better accuracy than when that source of information was not available. However, Elliott (1988) recently failed to replicate that finding and, rather, showed that being able to see an ongoing stylus did not result in a significant improvement of accuracy over a conventional no-vision condition. In the experiment to be reported here, we, on the one hand, replicated Elliott's results for the low level of practice condition (15 acquisition trials). On the other hand, the results obtained after moderate practice (150 acquisition trials) supported Carlton's earlier conclusion. These results therefore indicate that after sufficient practice one is able to use effectively the information provided by the ongoing stylus to help control his/her movement. This conclusion was further substantiated by the results obtained in a transfer task. Collectively, the results gave added support to a specificity of learning hypothesis (Proteau, Marteniuk, Girouard, & Dugas, 1987; Proteau, Marteniuk, & Lévesque, 1990).