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Related Concept Videos

Hazard Rate01:11

Hazard Rate

The hazard rate, also known as the hazard function or failure rate, is a statistical measure used to describe the instantaneous rate at which an event occurs, given that the event has not yet happened. From a probabilistic perspective, it represents the likelihood that a subject will experience the event in a very small time interval, conditional on surviving up to the beginning of that interval. In terms of frequency, the hazard rate can be viewed as the ratio of the number of events to the...
Introduction To Survival Analysis01:18

Introduction To Survival Analysis

Survival analysis is a statistical method used to study time-to-event data, where the "event" might represent outcomes like death, disease relapse, system failure, or recovery. A unique feature of survival data is censoring, which occurs when the event of interest has not been observed for some individuals during the study period. This requires specialized techniques to handle incomplete data effectively.
The primary goal of survival analysis is to estimate survival time—the time until a...
Assumptions of Survival Analysis01:15

Assumptions of Survival Analysis

Survival models analyze the time until one or more events occur, such as death in biological organisms or failure in mechanical systems. These models are widely used across fields like medicine, biology, engineering, and public health to study time-to-event phenomena. To ensure accurate results, survival analysis relies on key assumptions and careful study design.
Bullying02:04

Bullying

A modern form of aggression is bullying. As you learn in your study of child development, socializing and playing with other children is beneficial for children’s psychological development. However, as you may have experienced as a child, not all play behavior has positive outcomes. Some children are aggressive and want to play roughly. Other children are selfish and do not want to share toys. One form of negative social interactions among children that has become a national concern is bullying.
Strategies for Assessing and Addressing Confounding01:25

Strategies for Assessing and Addressing Confounding

Confounding is a critical issue in epidemiological studies, often leading to misleading conclusions about associations between exposures and outcomes. It occurs when the relationship between the exposure and the outcome is mixed with the effects of other factors that influence the outcome. Given that, addressing confounding is of high importance for drawing accurate inferences in research.
Confounding can be addressed at both the design phase of a study and through analytical methods after data...
Comparing the Survival Analysis of Two or More Groups01:20

Comparing the Survival Analysis of Two or More Groups

Survival analysis is a cornerstone of medical research, used to evaluate the time until an event of interest occurs, such as death, disease recurrence, or recovery. Unlike standard statistical methods, survival analysis is particularly adept at handling censored data—instances where the event has not occurred for some participants by the end of the study or remains unobserved. To address these unique challenges, specialized techniques like the Kaplan-Meier estimator, log-rank test, and Cox...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 19, 2026

A Method of Trigonometric Modelling of Seasonal Variation Demonstrated with Multiple Sclerosis Relapse Data
10:46

A Method of Trigonometric Modelling of Seasonal Variation Demonstrated with Multiple Sclerosis Relapse Data

Published on: December 9, 2015

Examining school-based bullying interventions using multilevel discrete time hazard modeling.

Stephanie L Ayers1, M Alex Wagaman, Jennifer Mullins Geiger

  • 1Southwest Interdisciplinary Research Center, College of Public Programs, Arizona State University, Phoenix, AZ, USA. stephanie.l.ayers@asu.edu

Prevention Science : the Official Journal of the Society for Prevention Research
|August 11, 2012
PubMed
Summary

Parent-teacher conferences and loss of privileges are effective school interventions for reducing repeat bullying incidents. These strategies, grounded in the social-ecological framework, help deter aggressive behaviors among students.

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Last Updated: May 19, 2026

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Published on: December 9, 2015

Area of Science:

  • Educational Psychology
  • Criminology
  • Public Health

Background:

  • Schools employ various strategies to combat bullying, but evidence on the effectiveness of specific interventions is limited.
  • Understanding factors that reduce bullying recurrence is crucial for developing effective school-based programs.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To examine the efficacy of school-based disciplinary interventions in reducing the recurrence of bullying and aggressive behaviors.
  • To identify specific strategies that deter repeat offenses among school-aged children.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized data from the School-Wide Information System (SWIS) for 1,221 students in grades K-12 referred for bullying.
  • Employed Kaplan-Meier Failure Functions and Multi-level discrete time hazard models to analyze the probability of a second referral over time.

Main Results:

  • Out of seven interventions, only Parent-Teacher Conference (AOR=0.65, p<.01) and Loss of Privileges (AOR=0.71, p<.10) significantly reduced the rate of bullying recurrence.
  • These findings highlight the impact of specific disciplinary actions on deterring repeated aggressive behaviors.

Conclusions:

  • The social-ecological framework can guide schools in developing targeted strategies to prevent bullying recurrence.
  • Interventions should consider students' microsystem roles and enhance connections within their mesosystems to foster a positive school environment.