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Chemistry of the Cell

Chemistry of the Cell

The cell is chemically composed of water, organic molecules and inorganic ions.
Water
The polarity of the water molecule and its resulting hydrogen bonding makes water a unique substance with special properties that are intimately tied to the processes of life. Life originally evolved in an aqueous environment, and most of an organism’s cellular chemistry and metabolism occur inside the aqueous contents of the cell’s cytoplasm. Special properties of water are its high heat capacity and heat of...

Chemistry of the Cell

Chemistry of the Cell

The cell is chemically composed of water, organic molecules and inorganic ions.
Water
The polarity of the water molecule and its resulting hydrogen bonding makes water a unique substance with special properties that are intimately tied to the processes of life. Life originally evolved in an aqueous environment, and most of an organism’s cellular chemistry and metabolism occur inside the aqueous contents of the cell’s cytoplasm. Special properties of water are its high heat capacity and heat of...

ATP and Macromolecule Synthesis

ATP and Macromolecule Synthesis

Biological macromolecules are organic compounds, predominantly composed of carbon atoms. The carbon atoms are covalently bonded with hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and other minor elements. There are four major biological macromolecule classes: carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids.
Most macromolecules are composed of single subunits, or building blocks, called monomers. The monomers combine with each other using covalent bonds to form larger molecules known as polymers.
Conversion of...

Feedback Regulation of Calcium Concentration

Feedback Regulation of Calcium Concentration

Calcium is an essential signaling molecule required for various cellular functions. Calcium pumps and ion channels on cell and organellar membranes, such as those on the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), regulate calcium concentrations inside the cell. They remain closed, keeping the cytosolic calcium levels low at a resting state.
Various transmembrane receptors, such as G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), elicit a response to extracellular signals by increasing cytosolic calcium. Activated GPCRs...

Subcellular Fractionation

Subcellular Fractionation

The homogenate obtained after cell lysis contains various membrane-bound organelles that can be further separated into pure fractions by subcellular fractionation. These isolates are used to study specific cellular components, analyze localized protein activity, and are even employed in diagnostics. Fractionation is typically achieved using centrifugation methods, the most common being density-gradient and differential centrifugation.
Differential Centrifugation
Differential centrifugation is...

Calmodulin-dependent Signaling

Calmodulin-dependent Signaling

Calmodulin (CaM) is a calcium-binding protein in eukaryotes that controls various calcium-regulated cellular processes. It has four calcium-binding sites that bind calcium to form the calcium-calmodulin ( Ca2+-CaM) complex. GPCR stimulation increases the calcium levels in the cells that bind to CaM and induces a conformational change.
The Ca2+-CaM complex does not have enzymatic activity by itself. Instead, the complex binds downstream target proteins, including membrane proteins or enzymes,...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 19, 2026

BioMEMS and Cellular Biology: Perspectives and Applications

BioMEMS and Cellular Biology: Perspectives and Applications

Published on: October 1, 2007

Cells and cell biochemistry.

Alistair Farley¹, Charles Hendry, Ella McLafferty

¹School of Nursing and Midwifery, University of Dundee. a.h.farley@dundee.ac.uk

Nursing Standard (Royal College of Nursing (Great Britain) : 1987)

|August 14, 2012

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

This article explains the fundamental structure and function of cells, including basic chemistry and atomic interactions. It helps healthcare professionals understand human anatomy and physiology at a cellular level.

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BioMEMS and Cellular Biology: Perspectives and Applications

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Area of Science:

Life Sciences
Cell Biology
Human Physiology

Background:

Understanding basic chemistry is essential for comprehending human anatomy and physiology.
Cells are the fundamental units of life, and their structure dictates their function.

Purpose of the Study:

To explain the basic structure and function of cells.
To assist healthcare professionals in understanding human anatomy and physiology.
To outline introductory chemical concepts relevant to biology.

Main Methods:

Examination of atoms as the basic building blocks of matter.
Discussion of chemical compound formation within the human body.
Consideration of typical cell structures and components.

Main Results:

Provides a foundational understanding of cellular biology.
Explains the role of atoms and chemical interactions in biological systems.
Details the components and organization of a standard cell.

Conclusions:

A grasp of cellular structure and function is crucial for healthcare professionals.
Basic chemical principles underpin complex physiological processes.
This article serves as an introduction to cell biology and its relevance to human health.