Geographic disparities in access to lung transplantation before and after implementation of the lung allocation score

The 62 lung transplant centers in the United States are unevenly distributed. We examined whether remote dwelling (distance from one's primary residence to the nearest lung transplant center) or rural dwelling (as opposed to urban) influences patients' access to lung transplantation, and whether such relationships changed following introduction of the lung allocation score (LAS) in May 2005. Between July 2001 and February 2009, 14 015 patients were listed for lung transplantation and 7923 (56.5%) were transplanted. Americans lived a median of 90.3 miles (IQR: 45.3-159.4) from the closest transplant center. Distance from a lung transplant center was inversely associated with the hazard of being listed before LAS implementation (adjusted HR for 100 miles = 0.87 [0.83-0.90]) and afterward (0.81 [0.78-0.85]); LAS implementation did not modify this relationship (p = 0.38). Once waitlisted, distance from the closest center was not associated with time to transplantation, and among those transplanted, distance was not associated with survival. Similar results were identified for rural, as opposed to urban, residence. We conclude that geographic disparaties exist in access to lung transplantation in the United States. These are mediated by listing practices rather than by transplantation rates, and were not mitigated by LAS implementation.