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Related Concept Videos

cAMP-dependent Protein Kinase Pathways01:25

cAMP-dependent Protein Kinase Pathways

Cyclic Adenosine Monophosphate (cAMP) is an essential second messenger that activates protein kinase A (PKA) and regulates various biological processes. A single epinephrine molecule binds to GPCR and activates several heterotrimeric G proteins, each stimulating multiple adenylyl cyclase, amplifying the signal, and synthesizing large numbers of cAMP molecules. Small changes in cAMP concentration affect PKA activity. The binding of four cAMP molecules induces a conformational change in PKA,...
GPCRs Regulate Adenylyl Cylase Activity01:09

GPCRs Regulate Adenylyl Cylase Activity

Some GPCRs transmit signals through adenylyl cyclase (AC), a transmembrane enzyme. AC helps synthesize second messenger cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP). AC catalyzes cyclization reaction and converts ATP to cAMP by releasing a pyrophosphate. The pyrophosphate is further hydrolyzed to phosphate by the enzyme pyrophosphatase, which drives cAMP synthesis to completion. However, cAMP is rapidly degraded to 5′ AMP by the enzymes phosphodiesterase (PDE), preventing overstimulation of cells.
Two...
Cell Specific Gene Expression01:58

Cell Specific Gene Expression

Multicellular organisms contain a variety of structurally and functionally distinct cell types, but the DNA in all the cells originated from the same parent cells. The differences in the cells can be attributed to the differential gene expression. Liver cells, whose functions include detoxification of blood, production of bile to metabolize fats, and synthesis of proteins essential for metabolism, must express a specific set of genes to perform their functions. Gene expression also varies with...
Glucose Homeostasis: Regulation of Blood Glucose01:02

Glucose Homeostasis: Regulation of Blood Glucose

Carbohydrates consumed through foods are converted into glucose, a crucial energy source for the body. In the prandial state, high blood glucose levels stimulate the secretion of insulin from the pancreas. Insulin inhibits hepatic glucose production and stimulates glucose uptake and metabolism by muscle and adipose tissue. The excess glucose is converted into glycogen and stored in the liver and muscles.
During fasting, when blood glucose levels are low, the pancreas secretes glucagon. it...
Global Regulatory Systems01:28

Global Regulatory Systems

Global regulatory systems in bacteria enable rapid and coordinated responses to environmental changes by integrating sensory inputs with gene expression, ensuring efficient adaptation to fluctuating conditions. Key global regulatory mechanisms include regulons, two-component systems, sigma factors, and secondary messengers.Regulons and Global RegulatorsA regulon is a collection of genes and operons controlled by a common global regulator. These regulators enable bacteria to prioritize resource...
Biosynthesis of Polysaccharides01:26

Biosynthesis of Polysaccharides

Polysaccharides such as glycogen and starch are synthesized from nucleoside diphosphate sugars, primarily uridine diphosphate glucose (UDPG) and adenosine diphosphate glucose (ADPG). These activated glucose donors act as key intermediates in carbohydrate metabolism and biosynthesis. UDPG primarily involves glycogen synthesis in animals and many bacteria, while ADPG plays a fundamental role in starch synthesis in plants and certain bacteria.UDPG is formed when glucose-1-phosphate reacts with...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 19, 2026

Structural Biology and Analytical Chemistry Approaches for Characterizing C-Glycoside Metabolic Enzymes in Human Gut Microbiota
13:35

Structural Biology and Analytical Chemistry Approaches for Characterizing C-Glycoside Metabolic Enzymes in Human Gut Microbiota

Published on: May 23, 2025

O-GlcNAc transferase/host cell factor C1 complex regulates gluconeogenesis by modulating PGC-1α stability.

Hai-Bin Ruan1, Xuemei Han, Min-Dian Li

  • 1Program in Integrative Cell Signaling and Neurobiology of Metabolism, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT 06519, USA.

Cell Metabolism
|August 14, 2012
PubMed
Summary

The O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT)/host cell factor C1 (HCF-1) complex regulates hepatic gluconeogenesis by modifying PGC-1α. Inhibiting OGT and HCF-1 improves glucose homeostasis in diabetic mice, offering new diabetes treatment strategies.

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 19, 2026

Structural Biology and Analytical Chemistry Approaches for Characterizing C-Glycoside Metabolic Enzymes in Human Gut Microbiota
13:35

Structural Biology and Analytical Chemistry Approaches for Characterizing C-Glycoside Metabolic Enzymes in Human Gut Microbiota

Published on: May 23, 2025

Area of Science:

  • Biochemistry
  • Molecular Biology
  • Metabolic Diseases

Background:

  • Inappropriate hepatic gluconeogenesis is a primary driver of hyperglycemia in diabetes.
  • PGC-1α, a key regulator of gluconeogenesis, is controlled by posttranslational modifications.
  • The hexosamine biosynthetic pathway generates O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) modifications.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the role of O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT) and its associated proteins in regulating hepatic gluconeogenesis.
  • To elucidate the mechanism by which glucose metabolism influences gluconeogenesis.
  • To identify potential therapeutic targets for diabetes treatment.

Main Methods:

  • Proteomic analysis to identify O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT)-associated proteins.
  • Investigating the interaction between OGT, host cell factor C1 (HCF-1), and PGC-1α.
  • Assessing the impact of OGT and HCF-1 knockdown on glucose homeostasis in diabetic mouse models.

Main Results:

  • Host cell factor C1 (HCF-1) was identified as a highly abundant OGT-associated protein.
  • HCF-1 recruits OGT to O-GlcNAcylate PGC-1α, enhancing its stability and promoting gluconeogenesis.
  • Hepatic knockdown of OGT and HCF-1 significantly improved glucose homeostasis in diabetic mice.

Conclusions:

  • The OGT/HCF-1 complex acts as a glucose sensor, regulating PGC-1α stability and hepatic gluconeogenesis.
  • Targeting the OGT/HCF-1 complex offers a promising therapeutic strategy for managing diabetes.
  • This study reveals a novel regulatory pathway controlling glucose metabolism.