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Related Concept Videos

Bone Formation by Endochondral Ossification01:24

Bone Formation by Endochondral Ossification

Bone formation, or ossification, begins around the sixth to seventh week of embryonic development. Most bones develop from a cartilaginous template through the process of endochondral ossification. Cartilage formation begins when clusters of mesenchymal cells differentiate into chondrocytes. These chondrocytes proliferate rapidly and secrete an extracellular matrix that becomes encased in a membrane called the perichondrium. The resulting cartilage model provides a template that resembles the...
Bone Formation by Intramembranous Ossification01:29

Bone Formation by Intramembranous Ossification

Intramembranous ossification is one of the two processes involved in the development of bones within an embryo. The flat bones of the face, most of the cranial bones, and the clavicles are formed via this process. During intramembranous ossification, the bones develop directly from sheets of undifferentiated mesenchymal connective tissue.
The process begins when mesenchymal cells in the embryonic skeleton gather together and differentiate into osteogenic cells, which then develop into...
Hormones and Bone Tissue01:17

Hormones and Bone Tissue

The endocrine system produces and secretes hormones, which interact with the skeletal system. These hormones control bone growth, maintain bone once it is formed, and remodel it.
Hormones That Influence Osteoblasts and/or Maintain the Matrix
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Osteoclasts in Bone Remodeling01:31

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Osteoclasts are cells responsible for bone resorption and remodeling. They originate from hematopoietic progenitor cells present in the bone marrow. Numerous progenitor cells fuse to form multinucleated cells, each with 10-20 nuclei. A single osteoclast has a diameter of 150 to 200 µM. These cells have ruffled borders that break down the underlying bone tissue and release minerals such as calcium into the blood in bone resorption. Osteoclasts cling to bones with their ruffled edges during bone...
Growth of Cartilage and Bone Tissue01:27

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Chondrocytes form a temporary cartilaginous model by dividing and secreting a thick gel-like extracellular matrix. Once the chondrocytes undergo programmed cell death, osteoblasts enter the site of the cartilaginous model. The process of replacing the temporary cartilaginous model with bone in an ordered manner is called endochondral ossification. In endochondral ossification, not all of the cartilage is replaced by bone tissue. Some cartilage that performs a protective and supportive function...
Bone Remodeling01:40

Bone Remodeling

Bone remodeling is a continuous and balanced process of bone resorption by osteoclasts and bone formation by osteoblasts. In adults, it helps maintain bone mass and calcium homeostasis. While mechanical stress can stimulate turnover as part of the normal maintenance and reparative process, several hormones also regulate bone remodeling.

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Laser Capture Microdissection of Mouse Embryonic Cartilage and Bone for Gene Expression Analysis
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Published on: December 18, 2019

Leader genes in osteogenesis: a theoretical study.

Bruno Orlando1, Luca Giacomelli, Massimiliano Ricci

  • 1Laboratories of Biophysics and Nanobiotechnology, Department of Medical Science, University of Genova, Italy. b_orlando@virgilio.it

Archives of Oral Biology
|August 14, 2012
PubMed
Summary

This study identifies 167 genes crucial for human osteogenesis using a bioinformatics approach. Key genes involved in cell adhesion, proliferation, and ossification were highlighted, offering new insights into bone formation mechanisms.

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Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Bioinformatics
  • Genetics

Background:

  • Osteogenesis, the process of bone formation, involves complex molecular mechanisms that are not fully understood.
  • Identifying key genes and their interactions is crucial for understanding osteogenesis and developing therapeutic strategies.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To identify genes involved in human osteogenesis using a novel bioinformatics approach.
  • To rank genes based on their importance in the osteogenic process.
  • To explore the functional roles of identified genes in different sub-processes of osteogenesis.

Main Methods:

  • Application of the leader genes approach, a validated bioinformatics method.
  • Analysis of gene interactions and ranking of genes by importance.
  • Classification of identified genes into functional groups related to osteogenesis.

Main Results:

  • Identified 167 genes involved in osteogenesis, categorized into skeletal development, cell adhesion/proliferation, ossification, and calcium ion binding.
  • Seven 'leader genes' and 14 'class B genes' were identified as highly important, with a majority linked to cell adhesion/proliferation and ossification.
  • Specific leader genes like RUNX2, BMP2, SPARC, and PTH were directly implicated in bone formation, while others (VEGF, IL6, FGF2) were associated with angiogenesis.

Conclusions:

  • Cell adhesion, proliferation, and ossification appear to be critical sub-processes in osteogenesis.
  • The identified leader, class B, and orphan genes provide a focused set of targets for future experimental validation.
  • Further research on these key genes can elucidate the molecular underpinnings of osteogenesis.