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Related Concept Videos

Covalently Linked Protein Regulators02:04

Covalently Linked Protein Regulators

Proteins can undergo many types of post-translational modifications, often in response to changes in their environment. These modifications play an important role in the function and stability of these proteins. Covalently linked molecules include functional groups, such as methyl, acetyl, and phosphate groups, and also small proteins, such as ubiquitin. There are around 200 different types of covalent regulators that have been identified.
These groups modify specific amino acids in a protein.
Covalently Linked Protein Regulators02:04

Covalently Linked Protein Regulators

Proteins can undergo many types of post-translational modifications, often in response to changes in their environment. These modifications play an important role in the function and stability of these proteins. Covalently linked molecules include functional groups, such as methyl, acetyl, and phosphate groups, and also small proteins, such as ubiquitin. There are around 200 different types of covalent regulators that have been identified.
These groups modify specific amino acids in a protein.
Histone Modification02:32

Histone Modification

The histone proteins have a flexible N-terminal tail extending out from the nucleosome. These histone tails are often subjected to post-translational modifications such as acetylation, methylation, phosphorylation, and ubiquitination. Particular combinations of these modifications form “histone codes” that influence the chromatin folding and tissue-specific gene expression.
Acetylation
The enzyme histone acetyltransferase adds acetyl group to the histones. Another enzyme, histone deacetylase,...
Histone Modification02:32

Histone Modification

The histone proteins have a flexible N-terminal tail extending out from the nucleosome. These histone tails are often subjected to post-translational modifications such as acetylation, methylation, phosphorylation, and ubiquitination. Particular combinations of these modifications form “histone codes” that influence the chromatin folding and tissue-specific gene expression.
Acetylation
The enzyme histone acetyltransferase adds acetyl group to the histones. Another enzyme, histone deacetylase,...
From DNA to Protein03:06

From DNA to Protein

The flow of genetic information in cells from DNA to mRNA to protein is described by the central dogma, which states that genes specify the sequence of mRNAs, which in turn specify the sequence of amino acids making up all proteins. The decoding of one molecule to another is performed by specific proteins and RNAs. Because the information stored in DNA is so central to cellular function, it makes intuitive sense that the cell would make mRNA copies of this information for protein synthesis...
Cooperative Allosteric Transitions01:58

Cooperative Allosteric Transitions

Cooperative allosteric transitions can occur in multimeric proteins, where each subunit of the protein has its own ligand-binding site. When a ligand binds to any of these subunits, it triggers a conformational change that affects the binding sites in the other subunits; this can change the affinity of the other sites for their respective ligands. The ability of the protein to change the shape of its binding site is attributed to the presence of a mix of flexible and stable segments in the...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 19, 2026

Simultaneous Affinity Enrichment of Two Post-Translational Modifications for Quantification and Site Localization
12:11

Simultaneous Affinity Enrichment of Two Post-Translational Modifications for Quantification and Site Localization

Published on: February 27, 2020

Allosteric post-translational modification codes.

Ruth Nussinov1, Chung-Jung Tsai, Fuxiao Xin

  • 1Basic Science Program, SAIC-Frederick, Inc., Center for Cancer Research Nanobiology Program, Frederick National Laboratory, NCI, Frederick, MD 21702, USA. NussinoR@helix.nih.gov

Trends in Biochemical Sciences
|August 14, 2012
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Post-translational modifications (PTMs) regulate protein function through direct and indirect mechanisms. The combinatorial PTM code offers a vast regulatory network, enhancing cellular efficiency and adaptability.

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A Facile Protocol to Generate Site-Specifically Acetylated Proteins in Escherichia Coli
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A Facile Protocol to Generate Site-Specifically Acetylated Proteins in Escherichia Coli

Published on: December 9, 2017

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 19, 2026

Simultaneous Affinity Enrichment of Two Post-Translational Modifications for Quantification and Site Localization
12:11

Simultaneous Affinity Enrichment of Two Post-Translational Modifications for Quantification and Site Localization

Published on: February 27, 2020

A Facile Protocol to Generate Site-Specifically Acetylated Proteins in Escherichia Coli
11:08

A Facile Protocol to Generate Site-Specifically Acetylated Proteins in Escherichia Coli

Published on: December 9, 2017

Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Biochemistry
  • Cellular Regulation

Background:

  • Post-translational modifications (PTMs) are crucial for protein function.
  • PTMs impact protein activity through orthosteric and allosteric mechanisms.
  • The diversity of PTMs leads to complex regulatory networks.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To elucidate the dual mechanisms of PTMs on protein function.
  • To highlight the expansive regulatory potential of combinatorial PTM codes.
  • To discuss the evolutionary advantages of PTM-based cellular regulation.

Main Methods:

  • The study is primarily a conceptual and literature-based analysis.
  • It synthesizes existing knowledge on PTMs and protein structure-function relationships.
  • No new experimental data was generated.

Main Results:

  • PTMs influence protein function both directly (orthosteric) and indirectly via conformational changes (allosteric).
  • The combinatorial nature of PTMs creates a vastly larger regulatory capacity than previously appreciated.
  • PTM codes significantly impact cellular regulation and signaling pathways.

Conclusions:

  • PTMs provide an efficient mechanism for cellular regulation, reducing gene dependency.
  • The specificity and combinatorial potential of PTMs allow for rapid cellular responses to environmental changes.
  • Understanding PTM codes is key to comprehending cellular adaptability and evolution.