Cell-mediated immunity and inflammatory processes in male infertility

Considerable evidence indicates that white blood cell concentrations are often elevated in semen of infertility patients, and that white blood cell products can affect sperm function in vitro. Furthermore, recent studies indicate that leukocytospermic semen samples exhibit poor motility characteristics and impaired ability to function in sperm penetration assays. We believe that the identification and quantification of white blood cells in semen should be an integral component of every semen analysis. If properly diagnosed, a significant number of infertility patients with leukocytospermia may benefit from antibiotic, antiviral, or anti-inflammatory drug treatments. Further studies should be directed at better defining the role of bacteria, viruses and other pathogens in leukocytospermia, and further understanding the effects of WBC products on sperm function.