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Related Concept Videos

LTR Retrotransposons03:08

LTR Retrotransposons

LTR retrotransposons are class I transposable elements with long terminal repeats flanking an internal coding region. These elements are less abundant in mammals compared to other class I transposable elements. About 8 percent of human genomic DNA comprises LTR retrotransposons. Some of the common examples of LTR retrotransposons are Ty elements in yeast and Copia elements in Drosophila.
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RNA viruses are categorized into positive-strand, negative-strand, or double-stranded groups based on their genomic structure and replication mechanisms. This classification dictates how they exploit host cellular machinery for protein synthesis and replication. Some RNA viruses also utilize reverse transcription as part of their life cycle, further diversifying their replication strategies.Positive-Strand RNA VirusesPositive-strand RNA viruses have genomes that function directly as messenger...
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Retroviruses have a single-stranded RNA genome that undergoes a special form of replication. Once the retrovirus has entered the host cell, an enzyme called reverse transcriptase synthesizes double-stranded DNA from the retroviral RNA genome. This DNA copy of the genome is then integrated into the host’s genome inside the nucleus via an enzyme called integrase. Consequently, the retroviral genome is transcribed into RNA whenever the host’s genome is transcribed, allowing the retrovirus to...
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Subviral agents are infectious entities that resemble viruses but lack one or more viral components, such as a capsid or essential replication machinery. These agents include viroids, prions, and satellites, each possessing distinct structural and functional characteristics that influence their mode of infection and replication.Viroids are the simplest subviral agents, consisting of circular, single-stranded RNA molecules without a protein coat. They exclusively infect plants, relying entirely...
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A mutation is a change in the sequence of bases of DNA or RNA in a genome. Some mutations occur during replication of the genome due to errors made by the polymerase enzymes that replicate DNA or RNA. Unlike DNA polymerase, RNA polymerase is prone to errors because it is not capable of “proofreading” its work. Viruses with RNA-based genomes, like HIV, therefore accrue mutations faster than viruses with DNA-based genomes. Because mutation and recombination provide the raw material for adaptive...

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Isolation of Fidelity Variants of RNA Viruses and Characterization of Virus Mutation Frequency
18:10

Isolation of Fidelity Variants of RNA Viruses and Characterization of Virus Mutation Frequency

Published on: June 16, 2011

Internal RNA Replication Elements are Prevalent in Tombusviridae.

Beth L Nicholson1, Pui Kei K Lee, K A White

  • 1Department of Biology, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada.

Frontiers in Microbiology
|August 14, 2012
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Internal replication elements (IREs) are crucial RNA structures in plus-strand RNA viruses. This study confirms their presence in multiple Tombusviridae genera, revealing conserved viral replication strategies.

Keywords:
AureusvirusCarmovirusNecrovirusRNA replicationRNA structureRNA virusTombusvirusplant virus

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Area of Science:

  • Virology
  • Molecular Biology
  • RNA Structure

Background:

  • Internal replication elements (IREs) are RNA structures found in plus-strand RNA viruses.
  • In Tombusvirus genus, IREs are located in the polymerase coding region and are vital for genome targeting and replicase assembly.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the presence and function of IREs in other genera within the Tombusviridae family.
  • To identify conserved RNA structures involved in viral genome replication across Tombusviridae.

Main Methods:

  • Bioinformatic analysis of viral genome sequences for conserved RNA structures.
  • Sequence and structural analyses to identify candidate IREs.
  • Site-directed mutagenesis to assess the functional role of candidate IREs in viral replication.

Main Results:

  • Candidate IREs were identified in aureusviruses, necroviruses, carmoviruses, and pelarspoviruses.
  • Mutational analysis confirmed the critical role of these proposed IREs in viral genome accumulation.
  • Evidence supports the existence of IREs in multiple Tombusviridae genera.

Conclusions:

  • Internal replication elements (IREs) are present in several genera of the Tombusviridae family.
  • These findings highlight conserved RNA-based mechanisms for genome replication within the virus family.
  • The study reveals previously unrecognized similarities in replication strategies among Tombusviridae members.