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Neural Regulation

Digestion begins with a cephalic phase that prepares the digestive system to receive food. When our brain processes visual or olfactory information about food, it triggers impulses in the cranial nerves innervating the salivary glands and stomach to prepare for food.

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Gene expression profiling in human neurodegenerative disease.

Johnathan Cooper-Knock1, Janine Kirby, Laura Ferraiuolo

  • 1Academic Unit of Neurology, Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience, University of Sheffield, 385A Glossop Road, Sheffield S10 2HQ, UK.

Nature Reviews. Neurology
|August 15, 2012
PubMed
Summary

Gene expression profiling reveals key molecular pathways in neurodegenerative diseases like Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, and ALS. This review highlights neuroinflammation, RNA splicing, and mitochondrial dysfunction as common themes.

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Genomics
  • Molecular Biology

Background:

  • Transcriptome studies in neurodegenerative diseases have advanced significantly.
  • Gene expression profiling (GEP) offers a comprehensive view of biological context.
  • GEP is crucial for identifying disease pathogenesis, therapeutic targets, and biomarkers.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review human microarray gene expression profiling (GEP) studies in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), Parkinson disease (PD), and Alzheimer disease (AD).
  • To summarize findings on gene expression changes related to disease mechanisms and identify commonalities across these neurodegenerative conditions.

Main Methods:

  • Systematic review of published microarray human GEP studies.
  • Analysis of gene expression data from patient cohorts across different disease stages and anatomical regions.
  • Focus on studies investigating common neurodegenerative diseases: ALS, PD, and AD.

Main Results:

  • Neuroinflammation-related gene dysregulation is a common finding across ALS, PD, and AD.
  • ALS and PD show disrupted gene expression in RNA splicing and protein turnover; ALS studies suggest cytoskeleton involvement.
  • PD pathogenesis is linked to the ubiquitin-proteasome system; mitochondrial dysfunction is implicated in PD and AD.
  • AD studies highlight dysregulation in intracellular signaling pathways, including calcium signaling.

Conclusions:

  • GEP is a powerful tool for understanding the molecular underpinnings of neurodegenerative diseases.
  • Common pathways like neuroinflammation and mitochondrial dysfunction are critical in ALS, PD, and AD.
  • Further research into these pathways may yield novel therapeutic strategies and biomarkers for neurodegenerative conditions.