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Related Concept Videos

Homologous Recombination02:31

Homologous Recombination

The basic reaction of homologous recombination (HR) involves two chromatids that contain DNA sequences sharing a significant stretch of identity. One of these sequences uses a strand from another as a template to synthesize DNA in an enzyme-catalyzed reaction. The final product is a novel amalgamation of the two substrates. To ensure an accurate recombination of sequences, HR is restricted to the S and G2 phases of the cell cycle. At these stages, the DNA has been replicated already and the...
Homologous Recombination02:31

Homologous Recombination

The basic reaction of homologous recombination (HR) involves two chromatids that contain DNA sequences sharing a significant stretch of identity. One of these sequences uses a strand from another as a template to synthesize DNA in an enzyme-catalyzed reaction. The final product is a novel amalgamation of the two substrates. To ensure an accurate recombination of sequences, HR is restricted to the S and G2 phases of the cell cycle. At these stages, the DNA has been replicated already and the...
Restriction Enzymes01:11

Restriction Enzymes

Restriction enzymes are bacterial enzymes used to cut DNA in a sequence-specific manner. To cleave DNA, they bind to specific palindromic sequences called restriction sites. Such palindromic DNA sequences or inverted repeats are commonly found in regions of functional significance, such as the origin of replication, gene operator sites, and regions containing transcription termination signals.
The host bacteria protect their own genomic DNA from these enzymes by methylating these sites. Some...
Single-Strand DNA Binding Proteins01:03

Single-Strand DNA Binding Proteins

For successful DNA replication, the unwinding of double-stranded DNA must be accompanied by stabilization and protection of the separated single strands of the DNA. This crucial task is performed by single-strand DNA-binding (SSB) proteins. They bind to the DNA in a sequence-independent manner, which means that the nitrogenous bases of the DNA need not be present in a specific order for binding of SSB proteins to it. The binding of SSB proteins straightens single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) and makes...
DNA Helicases00:55

DNA Helicases

DNA unwinding helicase enzymes are a type of motor protein. Motor proteins can translocate along filaments or polymers using energy generated from ATP hydrolysis. Helicases are involved in all the important cellular processes where DNA unwinding is required, such as DNA replication, repair, recombination, and transcription. They are present in all living organisms, but vary in their structure, function, and mechanism of action. For example, in prokaryotes, DnaB helicase binds and translocates...
Base Excision Repair01:54

Base Excision Repair

One of the common DNA damages is the chemical alteration of single bases by alkylation, oxidation, or deamination. The altered bases cause mispairing and strand breakage during replication. This type of damage causes minimal change to the DNA double helix structure and can be repaired by the base excision repair (BER) pathways. BER corrects damaged DNA sequences by removing the damaged base and restoring the original base sequence using the complementary strand as a template.
The first step of...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 19, 2026

Characterizing DNA Repair Processes at Transient and Long-lasting Double-strand DNA Breaks by Immunofluorescence Microscopy
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Characterizing DNA Repair Processes at Transient and Long-lasting Double-strand DNA Breaks by Immunofluorescence Microscopy

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Homing endonucleases: DNA scissors on a mission.

Mohamed Hafez1, Georg Hausner

  • 1Department of Microbiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada.

Genome
|August 16, 2012
PubMed
Summary

Homing endonucleases, found in microorganisms, are powerful tools for gene editing and biotechnology. This review explores their categories, applications, and engineering strategies for precise DNA modification.

Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Genetics
  • Biotechnology

Background:

  • Microbial genomes harbor genetic elements encoding rare-cutting homing endonucleases.
  • These endonucleases facilitate the mobility of genetic elements like introns and inteins.
  • Homing endonucleases possess specific DNA targeting capabilities, making them valuable for gene manipulation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the diverse categories of homing endonucleases.
  • To explore their established and potential applications in biotechnology.
  • To discuss strategies for engineering homing endonucleases for altered target specificities.

Main Methods:

  • Review of scientific literature on homing endonucleases.
  • Analysis of homing endonuclease families and their mechanisms.

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Characterizing DNA Repair Processes at Transient and Long-lasting Double-strand DNA Breaks by Immunofluorescence Microscopy
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  • Discussion of gene editing applications and engineering approaches.

    • Main Results:

    • Homing endonucleases are classified into several families with distinct properties.
    • Applications include DNA modification, gene repair, and gene knockouts.
    • Engineering efforts aim to refine target site specificities for enhanced precision.

    Conclusions:

    • Homing endonucleases represent a significant class of enzymes for genome engineering.
    • Their specific targeting ability offers broad potential in biotechnology and genetic research.
    • Ongoing research focuses on expanding their utility through protein engineering and exploring alternatives.