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Hyperglycemia

Hyperglycemia

Hyperglycemia is an abnormally high blood glucose level. It is diagnosed by fasting glucose ≥126 mg/dL, 2-hour oral glucose tolerance test (or OGTT) ≥200 mg/dL, random glucose ≥200 mg/dL with symptoms, or HbA1c ≥6.5%. However, HbA1c results may be unreliable in certain conditions, such as anemia or hemoglobinopathies, and the diagnosis should be confirmed unless classic symptoms are present. Postprandial hyperglycemia is typically considered significant when glucose levels exceed 180 mg/dL two...

Proteoglycans

Proteoglycans

Glycans, a class of complex heterogeneous molecules, can be covalently attached to proteins to form glycosylated proteins that regulate various physiological and pathological processes. Glycosylated proteins or glycoproteins comprise N-linked and O-linked oligosaccharides. O-glycosylation is the most common type of protein glycosylation. Here, glycans attach to the oxygen atom of the hydroxyl groups of Serine or Threonine residues. O-linked glycosylation occurs later in protein processing,...

Hypoglycemia

Hypoglycemia

Hypoglycemia is a blood glucose level below 70 mg/dL. It commonly occurs in individuals using insulin or insulin-secreting drugs, but may also arise in non-diabetic conditions. People with type 1 diabetes are at the highest risk because they depend on exogenous insulin. People with type 2 diabetes are also at risk, especially when treated with insulin or medications such as sulfonylureas, which increase insulin release regardless of blood glucose levels. It develops when insulin levels exceed...

Hypoglycemia and Glucagon

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Without prolonged fasting, healthy individuals maintain blood glucose levels above 3.5 mM due to a well-adapted neuroendocrine counterregulatory system that effectively prevents acute hypoglycemia, a potentially life-threatening condition. The primary clinical scenarios for hypoglycemia encompass diabetes treatment, inappropriate production of endogenous insulin or insulin-like substances by tumors, and the use of glucose-lowering agents in non-diabetic individuals. Notably, hypoglycemia in the...

Diabetic Nephropathy

Diabetic Nephropathy

Definition Diabetic nephropathy is a chronic kidney complication that results from prolonged hyperglycemia.Prevalence It is the most common cause of chronic kidney disease (CKD) and end-stage renal disease (ESRD) worldwide, affecting up to half of individuals with diabetes.Pathophysiology • Sustained hyperglycemia triggers multiple hemodynamic and metabolic changes in the kidney. • Early in the disease, increased renal blood flow and glomerular hyperfiltration occur due to afferent arteriolar...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 19, 2026

Glycemic Impact on Knee Osteoarthritis Symptoms on Physical, Radiographic, and Inflammatory Markers among Individuals Aged 50 and Over with Diabetes

Glycemic Impact on Knee Osteoarthritis Symptoms on Physical, Radiographic, and Inflammatory Markers among Individuals Aged 50 and Over with Diabetes

Published on: March 7, 2025

Hyperglycemia reduces proteoglycan levels in tendons.

Todd Burner¹, Claudia Gohr, Elizabeth Mitton-Fitzgerald

¹Division of Medicine, Zablocki VA Medical Center, Milwaukee, WI 53295-1000, USA.

Connective Tissue Research

|August 16, 2012

Summary

High glucose levels in diabetic tendinopathy reduce proteoglycans (PGs) by decreasing their synthesis or sulfation. This reduction in PGs may contribute to tendon pathology in diabetes.

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 19, 2026

Glycemic Impact on Knee Osteoarthritis Symptoms on Physical, Radiographic, and Inflammatory Markers among Individuals Aged 50 and Over with Diabetes

Glycemic Impact on Knee Osteoarthritis Symptoms on Physical, Radiographic, and Inflammatory Markers among Individuals Aged 50 and Over with Diabetes

Published on: March 7, 2025

Area of Science:

Biochemistry
Cell Biology
Orthopedics

Background:

Diabetic tendinopathy involves increased tendon stiffness, thickness, and calcification.
Proteoglycans (PGs) are crucial for tendon structure and calcification regulation.
This study investigates alterations in PGs within diabetic tendons.

Purpose of the Study:

To determine the effect of hyperglycemia on proteoglycan levels in tendons.
To investigate the impact of high glucose on proteoglycan production by tenocytes.
To explore the role of transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) and advanced glycation end-products (AGEs) in diabetic tendinopathy.

Main Methods:

Porcine patellar tendons were incubated in high or normal glucose media.
Proteoglycan fraction was isolated and analyzed for protein and mRNA levels.
Tenocyte cultures were used to assess PG production via (35)S-sulfate labeling.
TGF-β levels and effects of AGEs and radical scavengers were measured.

Main Results:

High glucose significantly decreased overall PG levels in tendons.
Hyperglycemia reduced PG production by tenocytes, indicating impaired synthesis or sulfation.
AGE-modified collagen and free radical scavengers did not affect PG production.
Transforming growth factor β1 levels increased under hyperglycemic conditions independently of AGEs.

Conclusions:

Hyperglycemia leads to reduced proteoglycan levels in tendons.
This reduction is linked to decreased glycosaminoglycan synthesis or sulfation.
Altered proteoglycan levels may contribute to the pathological changes in diabetic tendons.