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Related Concept Videos

Heterochromatin02:38

Heterochromatin

The extent of chromatin compaction can be studied by staining chromatin using specific DNA binding dyes. Under the microscope, the dense-compacted regions that take up more dye are called heterochromatin. Heterochromatin is further classified into two forms – constitutive heterochromatin and facultative heterochromatin.
Constitutive heterochromatin: It is a highly compact region of chromatin that is mostly concentrated in the centromere and telomere. Unlike euchromatin, the amino acid at 9th...
Spreading of Chromatin Modifications02:25

Spreading of Chromatin Modifications

The histone proteins in the nucleosomes are post-translationally modified (PTM) to increase or decrease access to DNA. The commonly observed PTMs are methylation, acetylation, phosphorylation, and ubiquitination of lysine amino acids in the histone H3 tail region. These histone modifications have specific meaning for the cell. Hence, they are called "histone code". The protein complex involved in histone modification is termed as "reader-writer" complex.
Writers
The writer is an enzyme that can...
Duplication of Chromatin Structure02:05

Duplication of Chromatin Structure

The process of chromosome duplication during cell division requires genome-wide disruption and re-assembly of chromatin. The chromatin structure must be accurately inherited, reassembled, and maintained in the daughter cells to ensure lineage propagation.
The basic unit of the chromatin is the nucleosome, consisting of DNA wrapped around octameric histone proteins and short stretches of linker DNA separating individual nucleosomes. The histone proteins within the nucleosome have their...
Polytene Chromosomes02:04

Polytene Chromosomes

Polytene chromosomes are giant interphase chromosomes with several DNA strands placed side by side. They were discovered in the year 1881 by Balbiani in salivary glands, intestine, muscles, malpighian tubules, and hypoderm of larvae Chironomus plumosus. Hence, these are also called "Salivary gland chromosomes." These are found in insects of the order Diptera and Collembola; in certain organs of mammals; and synergids, antipodes of flowering plants. Polytene chromosomes are also regularly...
Polytene Chromosomes02:04

Polytene Chromosomes

Polytene chromosomes are giant interphase chromosomes with several DNA strands placed side by side. They were discovered in the year 1881 by Balbiani in salivary glands, intestine, muscles, malpighian tubules, and hypoderm of larvae Chironomus plumosus. Hence, these are also called "Salivary gland chromosomes." These are found in insects of the order Diptera and Collembola; in certain organs of mammals; and synergids, antipodes of flowering plants. Polytene chromosomes are also regularly...
Covalently Linked Protein Regulators02:04

Covalently Linked Protein Regulators

Proteins can undergo many types of post-translational modifications, often in response to changes in their environment. These modifications play an important role in the function and stability of these proteins. Covalently linked molecules include functional groups, such as methyl, acetyl, and phosphate groups, and also small proteins, such as ubiquitin. There are around 200 different types of covalent regulators that have been identified.
These groups modify specific amino acids in a protein.

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Growth Assays to Assess Polyglutamine Toxicity in Yeast
09:06

Growth Assays to Assess Polyglutamine Toxicity in Yeast

Published on: March 5, 2012

Polyglutamine (polyQ) disorders: the chromatin connection.

Dorit Cohen-Carmon1, Eran Meshorer

  • 1Department of Genetics, The Institute of Life Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem-Edmond J. Safra Campus, Jerusalem, Israel.

Nucleus (Austin, Tex.)
|August 16, 2012
PubMed
Summary

Polyglutamine (PolyQ) diseases involve neurodegeneration linked to chromatin and epigenetic changes. Targeting histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors shows promise for treating these complex genetic disorders.

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Genetics
  • Epigenetics

Background:

  • Polyglutamine (PolyQ) diseases are late-onset genetic disorders causing neurodegeneration.
  • Evidence links chromatin structure and epigenetic regulation to PolyQ disease pathology.
  • Aberrant transcriptional regulation occurs due to disrupted histone modification and protein-chromatin interactions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review recent findings on the role of chromatin in PolyQ diseases.
  • To discuss epigenetic factors, chromatin structure, and genomic instability in PolyQ diseases.
  • To explore therapeutic potential of HDAC inhibitors and stem cell models.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of recent findings on chromatin in PolyQ diseases.
  • Discussion of epigenetic factors, chromatin structure, and CAG repeat instability.
  • Examination of histone modification patterns and chromatin-related enzyme regulation.
  • Review of histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors and stem cell models for PolyQ diseases.

Main Results:

  • Chromatin structure and epigenetic dysregulation are implicated in PolyQ disease pathogenesis.
  • Genomic instability of CAG repeats is associated with epigenetic factors and chromatin.
  • Altered expression and modification of chromatin-related enzymes are observed in PolyQ diseases.
  • Histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors demonstrate potential therapeutic benefits.

Conclusions:

  • Disrupted chromatin regulation is directly involved in the pathophysiology of PolyQ diseases.
  • Epigenetic modifications and chromatin structure are key targets for therapeutic intervention.
  • Human pluripotent stem cells offer a valuable platform for modeling PolyQ diseases in vitro.