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Related Concept Videos

Diabetic Neuropathy01:22

Diabetic Neuropathy

DefinitionDiabetic neuropathy is nerve damage caused by long-standing diabetes mellitus. It results directly from prolonged high blood sugar levels.PathophysiologyThe pathophysiology of diabetic neuropathy involves both metabolic and vascular disturbances triggered by chronic hyperglycemia.Metabolic injury: Elevated glucose levels activate the polyol pathway within nerve cells, leading to the accumulation of sorbitol and fructose. This increases oxidative stress, disrupts normal nerve...
Type II Diabetes II: Pathophysiology01:24

Type II Diabetes II: Pathophysiology

PathophysiologyType 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM ) is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by insulin resistance and progressive pancreatic β-cell dysfunction, leading to impaired glucose homeostasis. It results from interactions among genetic predisposition, environmental factors, and metabolic stressors, such as overnutrition and a sedentary lifestyle.Insulin Resistance and Glucose DysregulationEarly T2DM involves insulin resistance in skeletal muscle, adipose tissue, and the liver.
Diabetic Foot Ulcer01:31

Diabetic Foot Ulcer

Definition A diabetic foot ulcer (DFU) is a chronic, non-healing wound that develops in individuals with diabetes. It typically occurs on pressure-bearing areas such as the heel, metatarsal heads, or hallux, and carries a high risk of infection and amputation.Pathophysiology • The development of DFUs can be explained by four interconnected mechanisms: neuropathy, ischemia, infection, and impaired wound healing. • Neuropathy is the most common factor. Sensory neuropathy reduces pain perception,...
Type I Diabetes II: Pathophysiology01:26

Type I Diabetes II: Pathophysiology

Type 1 diabetes mellitus arises from an immune-mediated destruction of pancreatic β-cells, resulting in an absolute deficiency of insulin. This process develops in genetically susceptible individuals when autoimmunity, environmental exposures, and immunologic dysregulation converge to trigger a targeted attack on the insulin-producing cells of the pancreas. The β-cells are located within the islets of Langerhans and are essential for regulating blood glucose by facilitating cellular uptake of...
Diabetic Retinopathy01:27

Diabetic Retinopathy

DefinitionDiabetic retinopathy is a microvascular complication of diabetes affecting the retinal blood vessels.Risk FactorsDiabetic retinopathy is present in almost all individuals with type 1 diabetes and more than 60% of those with type 2 diabetes after two decades of disease.The risk increases with poor glycemic control, hypertension, dyslipidemia, smoking, pregnancy, and puberty.Although cataracts and glaucoma are also more frequent in people with diabetes, retinopathy remains the leading...
Diabetic Nephropathy01:28

Diabetic Nephropathy

Definition Diabetic nephropathy is a chronic kidney complication that results from prolonged hyperglycemia.Prevalence It is the most common cause of chronic kidney disease (CKD) and end-stage renal disease (ESRD) worldwide, affecting up to half of individuals with diabetes.Pathophysiology • Sustained hyperglycemia triggers multiple hemodynamic and metabolic changes in the kidney. • Early in the disease, increased renal blood flow and glomerular hyperfiltration occur due to afferent arteriolar...

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Updated: May 19, 2026

Effects of Mindfulness Training Combined with Tai Chi in Patients with Diabetic Peripheral Neuropathy
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Effects of Mindfulness Training Combined with Tai Chi in Patients with Diabetic Peripheral Neuropathy

Published on: July 14, 2023

Diabetic neuropathy: one disease or two?

Brian C Callaghan1, Junguk Hur, Eva L Feldman

  • 1Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.

Current Opinion in Neurology
|August 16, 2012
PubMed
Summary

Glucose control significantly prevents neuropathy in type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM), but has a modest effect in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Other factors beyond high blood sugar contribute to T2DM neuropathy, requiring further research for new treatments.

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Three-dimensional Imaging and Analysis of Mitochondria within Human Intraepidermal Nerve Fibers
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Effects of Mindfulness Training Combined with Tai Chi in Patients with Diabetic Peripheral Neuropathy
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Effects of Mindfulness Training Combined with Tai Chi in Patients with Diabetic Peripheral Neuropathy

Published on: July 14, 2023

Three-dimensional Imaging and Analysis of Mitochondria within Human Intraepidermal Nerve Fibers
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Three-dimensional Imaging and Analysis of Mitochondria within Human Intraepidermal Nerve Fibers

Published on: September 29, 2017

Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Neurology
  • Metabolic Diseases

Background:

  • Diabetic neuropathy is a common complication of both type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM).
  • The role of glucose control in preventing neuropathy differs between T1DM and T2DM.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To compare and contrast the evidence for the effect of glucose control on preventing neuropathy in T1DM versus T2DM.
  • To identify factors beyond hyperglycemia contributing to neuropathy development in T2DM.

Main Methods:

  • Review of clinical trials and epidemiological data on glucose control and diabetic neuropathy.
  • Analysis of evidence for non-glycemic factors in T2DM neuropathy.

Main Results:

  • Enhanced glucose control shows a substantial benefit in preventing neuropathy in T1DM.
  • The benefit of glucose control on neuropathy prevention is modest in T2DM.
  • Obesity, hypertension, dyslipidemia, inflammation, and insulin resistance are implicated in T2DM neuropathy.

Conclusions:

  • Neuropathy in T1DM and T2DM are distinct conditions.
  • Continued focus on glucose control is crucial for T1DM neuropathy prevention.
  • Further research into T2DM neuropathy mechanisms is needed to develop novel therapeutic strategies.