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Sound as Pressure Waves

Sound as Pressure Waves

Sound waves, which are longitudinal waves, can be modeled as the displacement amplitude varying as a function of the spatial and temporal coordinates. As a column of the medium is displaced, its successive columns are also displaced. As the successive displacements differ relatively, a pressure difference with the surrounding pressure is created. The gauge pressure varies across the medium.
The pressure fluctuation depends on the difference in displacements between the successive points in the...

Sound Waves: Resonance

Sound Waves: Resonance

Resonance is produced depending on the boundary conditions imposed on a wave. Resonance can be produced in a string under tension with symmetrical boundary conditions (i.e., has a node at each end). A node is defined as a fixed point where the string does not move. The symmetrical boundary conditions result in some frequencies resonating and producing standing waves, while other frequencies interfere destructively. Sound waves can resonate in a hollow tube, and the frequencies of the sound...

Perception of Sound Waves

Perception of Sound Waves

The human ear is not equally sensitive to all frequencies in the audible range. It may perceive sound waves with the same pressure but different frequencies as having different loudness. Moreover, the perception of sound waves depends on the health of an individual's ears, which decays with age. The health of one's ears may also be affected by regular exposure to loud noises.
The pitch of a sound depends on the frequency and the pressure amplitude of the source. Two sounds of the same frequency...

Sound Waves: Interference

Sound Waves: Interference

Sound waves can be modeled either as longitudinal waves, wherein the molecules of the medium oscillate around an equilibrium position, or as pressure waves. When two identical waves from the same source superimpose on each other, the combination of two crests or two troughs results in amplitude reinforcement known as constructive interference. If two identical waves, that are initially in phase, become out of phase because of different path lengths, the combination of crests with troughs...

Sound Intensity

Sound Intensity

The loudness of a sound source is related to how energetically the source is vibrating, consequently making the molecules of the propagation medium vibrate. To measure the loudness of a source, the physical quantity of interest is the intensity. This is defined as the energy emitted per unit of time per unit of area perpendicular to the sound wave's propagation direction. Since the total energy is greater if the source vibrates for a longer duration and over a larger area, dividing the emitted...

The Auditory Ossicles

The Auditory Ossicles

The auditory ossicles of the middle ear transmit sounds from the air as vibrations to the fluid-filled cochlea. The auditory ossicles consist of two malleus (hammer) bones, two incus (anvil) bones, and two stapes (stirrups), one on each side. These bones develop during the fetal stage and are the ones to ossify first. They are fully mature at birth and do not grow afterward.
The aptly named stapes look very much like a stirrup. The three ossicles are unique to mammals, and each plays a role in...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 19, 2026

A Stable Phantom Material for Optical and Acoustic Imaging

A Stable Phantom Material for Optical and Acoustic Imaging

Published on: June 16, 2023

Phononic glass: a robust acoustic-absorption material.

Heng Jiang¹, Yuren Wang

¹Key Laboratory of Microgravity Science, Institute of Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, People's Republic of China.

The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America

|August 17, 2012

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

This study introduces a novel phononic glass material with an interpenetrating network structure. The material demonstrates excellent wideband underwater acoustic absorption and high compressive strength, crucial for deep-sea applications.

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Area of Science:

Materials Science
Acoustics
Physics

Background:

Developing materials for effective underwater acoustic absorption under high pressure is challenging.
Locally resonant phononic crystals offer potential for acoustic manipulation.
Existing materials often lack the required mechanical strength for deep-sea environments.

Purpose of the Study:

To engineer a phononic composite material with enhanced underwater acoustic absorption capabilities.
To investigate the acoustic and mechanical properties of a novel
phononic glass
under hydrostatic pressure.

Main Methods:

Fabrication of a phononic composite material with an interpenetrating network structure.
Measurement of underwater acoustic absorption coefficients.
Quasi-static compressive behavior testing.

Main Results:

The phononic glass exhibits high underwater sound absorption coefficients (>0.9) across a wide band (12-30 kHz).
The material demonstrates a compressive strength exceeding 5 MPa.
The interpenetrating network structure is key to achieving both acoustic and mechanical performance.

Conclusions:

The developed phononic glass is a promising material for underwater acoustic applications requiring high sound absorption and mechanical robustness.
The design strategy of incorporating interpenetrating networks into phononic crystals is effective for creating high-performance acoustic metamaterials.
This material addresses critical needs for sonar, stealth, and structural integrity in underwater systems.